BOTANY.txt

the fundamental unit of structure and function

single cells, circular chromosomes

capacity for growth and differentiation, self replication, evolution

phenotype & genotype

largely autonomous, capable of growth reproduction, and communicates and responds to its government

has the ability for cells to adhere to one another and be able to communicate with each other

meets the needs of the organism as a whole

contain pigments

cell wall, plastids, chloroplasts, central vacuole

middle lamellae, plasmodesmata, parallel chain of cellulose associate to form microfibrils

site of photosynthesis

store starch

storage of proteins and inorganic ions, dispocal, pigments, protection, and cell enlargement

different cell types form specific tissues from organs, and organs form plant body.

parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

most important metabolic functions: photosynthesis: cholorenchyma & stores various organic products

alive at maturity

dead cells that have thick 2 degree walls, often lignified

fibers and sclereids

extraxylary and xylary

roots, stems, and leaves

dermal, ground, and vascular

forms the fucntion of the plant covering parts of roots, stems, and leaves

depends on location of plant

cuticle that prevent plant from crying out by secreting waxy layer

absorb water and nutrients

creates openings like stomata that regulates passages of gases and moisture into and out of the plant

gas exchange

has all three types of plant cells, parenchyma making up most of the ground tissue system

carries water and nutrients in the plant

water and minerals conducting and contains trancheids and vessels

food conducting and sieve tubes and companion cells

have long tubular cells with grate like openings at the end

tapered at the end

anchor the plant in soil, absorb, minerals and water, and store food

vegetative and reproductive

an alterntive system of nodes and internodes

at the angle formed by each leaf and stem, with potential to form a vegetative branch

contains terminal bud, area of active growth

have single, undivided blades

have several leaflets attached to the petiole

interactions with environment of two time scales

leaves are reduced and the stem is the primary photosynthetic organ

above the ground

below ground

cel division, elongation, and differentation

found at tips of roots and shoots and increases length of a plant

add girth (width) by producing wood and bark

offspring of plant are genetically identical and can be made at any time

diseases and insects are more likely to be transferred on asexual parts on seeds

produce gametes, mediate the union of male and mediate union of male and female gametes, site of seed set

• process by which two sperm fuse with with two cells
• of the embryo sac

forms food storage tissue within the seed

egg cell

sperm cell

male anf female gametes from the same plant from zygote

male and female gametes from diff plants of zygote

flowers are adapted to attract pollinators

increases genetic variability, allows adaptation to changing conditions

destroys well adapted genotypes, relies of effective cross pollination, seed dispersal and establishment

science of heredity

the handing down of certain traits from parents to their offspring

theory of inheritance was blending inheritence

two forms that can breed true. one form must be hidden when plants with each trait are interbred

appear

hidden

when an individual has two unlike factors, the dominant factor will determine the phenotype, masking the other, recessive factore

factors segregate during gamete formation so that each gamete receives only one pair. when female and male gametes fuse (fertilization) the double number is retored

each pair of alleles segregate independently during gamete formation

organized unit of hereditary material

genes have specific locations on chromosomes, chromosomes underego segregation and independent assortment, and genes on the same chromosome are linked together and don't exhibit independent assortment

recombinationof alleles between two homologous chromatids in meiosis

science of heredity and involves investigation of molecules, cells, organisms, and populations, utilizing diverse experimental approaches

alternate forms of the gene (P vs.p)

physical appearance of a trait

letters indicating the two alleles in a plant, such as Pp or pp

when both alleles are the same (PP or pp)

when is possess 1 copy of 2 different alleles for a locus

double stranded molecule consisting of two anti parallel polynucleotide chains

in a linear order on chromosomes

sum of natural heritable variation observed between the genomes of individuals or populations of a given species

comprises all the genetic material that an organism possesses

basic set of chromsomes (x) is represented more than 2 times per cell

polyploids whose chromosome sets are all derived from the same ancestral source

contain chromosome sets from different, but related species