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What are the most successful of all plants?
Angiosperms, seed plants that produce flowers
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What percent of all living plants are angiosperms?
90%
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What are flowers?
The reproductive organs of angiosperms
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What is nectar?
A sugary secretion of flowers
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THe basic structure of a flower consists of the four concentric whorls (circles) of appendages, which are?
- Calyx
- Corolla
- Androecium
- Gynoecium
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What is the Calyx?
The outermost whorl of a flower, consits of one or more sepals (modified leaves) and it protects a flower from physical damage while its in a bud
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What is the Corolla?
The second whorl of a flower, consists of flowers (also modified leaves), produces vividly colored pigments or fragrances that attract pollinators
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What is the Androecium?
The third whorl which produces the microgametophytes, or pollen grains, made up of one or more stamens that consist of slender, thread-like filaments that are each topped by a pollen-containing sac called an anther
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What is an anther?
A pollen-containing sac that is part of the Androecium
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What is the Gynoecium?
The fourth and innermost whorl, that contains the ovules in which migagametophytes develop, consists of one or more pistils in the center of a flower
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Where do ovules develop?
In a pistil's swollen lower portion, called the ovary
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What may an ovary have?
One or more chambers
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What rises from an ovary?
A slender stalk called the style
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What does the style have?
A swollen sticky tip called the stigma where pollen lands and sticks to
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What is a stigma?
The swollen sticky tip of the style where pollen lands
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What is a style?
A slender stalk that rises from the ovary and has a swollen sticky tip
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What is the ovary?
Swollen lower portion of a pistil whre ovules develop
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What happens when a flower is pollinated?
A pollen tube emerges from each pollen grain and grows through the style and into the ovary
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What is a complete flower?
Flower with all four whorls of appendages
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What is a perfect flower?
A flower with a gynoecium and androecium
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What are imperfect flowers?
Flowers lacking either a gynoecium or an androecium
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What is an incomplete flower?
Flower that lacks any one of the four whorls
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What are the affects of flowering plants coevolving with animals?
Certain insects specialize in visiting particular kinds of flowers
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What flowers are both incomplete and imperfect? (example)
Flowers that lack either stamens or pistils (squash flowers)
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How long ago did bees evolve?
100 million years and about the time flowering plants began diversify
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How do bees locate sources of nectar?
First by odor, then by color and shape
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What are the normal characteristics of bee pollinating flowers?
Yellow or blue and have lines to indicate location of nectar
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Why can bees see the lines and we can't?
Because they see in the ultra violet spectrum
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What do bees use pollen for?
To feed thier larvae
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What characteristics to flowers butterflies tend to visit have?
"Landing platforms" so they can perch and tube-shapes filled with nectar
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What flowers do flies pollinate?
Ones that smell like rotting meat
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When and what flowers do moths visit?
At night they visit white, heavily scented flowers
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Why are red flowers usually not super smelly and visited by humming birds?
Because humming birds have keen eyesight and poor smell
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What are the characterisitics of angiosperms pollinated by bats?
Large, heavily scented and pale-colored flowers that open at night
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