-
which organizations are in charge of research and report?
-
which organizations are in charge of report and who make recommendations?
-
Which organizations are regulatory agencies?
- state and federal regulations
- NRC
- FDA
- EPA
- OSHA
-
what is UNSCEAR?
united nations scientific committee on effects of atomic radiation
-
What does UNSCEAR do?
assesses and reports on exposures to humans and the environment to ionizing radiation from natural sources, man-made practices and accidental releases
-
when was UNSCEAR formed?
- 1955
- the cold war was occuring at this time
-
what is UNSCEAR's findings based on?
epidemiological and research findings
-
what is BEIR?
national academy of sciences, national research council committee on the biological effects of ionizing radiation
-
who is the advisory group to BEIR?
UNSCEAR
-
what does BEIR do?
- reviews studies of effects of ionizing radiation on humans
- formulates reports
-
what is the ICRP?
international council on radiological protection
-
what does the ICRP do?
- makes recommendations to regulatory agencies based on reports from agencies such as BEIR and UNSCEAR
- considered to be the international authority on the safe use of sources of ionizing radiation
-
what is the NCRP?
national council on radiation protection and measurement
-
what does the NCRP do?
- a national organization that reviews recommendations from ICRP
- publishes reports
- makes recommendations
- uses most recommendations for national standards
-
what is the CRCPD?
conference of radiation control program directors
-
what does the CRCPD do?
- made up of individuals in state and local government who regulate and control the use of radiation sources
- developed the suggested state regulations for control of radiation
- established in 1968
-
how many states are under the regulatory agencies?
29
-
what is the NRC?
U.S. nuclear regulatory commision
-
what does the NRC do?
- has the power to enforce radiation protection standards
- does not inspect diagnostic imaging facilities
- oversees the nuclear energy industry
- publishes rules and regulations in title 10 of U.S. code of federal regulations
-
when was the NRC established?
1940's
-
what is california's regulatory agency?
- RHB- regulatory health branch
- DPH- department of public health= issues our licence
-
what is an agreement state?
- states that have had the authority to regulate transferred to them by the NRC
- must show that its in compliance with radiation safety including a person that takes xrays must have a minimum education
-
what is the EPA?
U.S. environmental protection agency
-
what does the EPA do?
- oversees general area of environmental monitoring
- deals with nuclear/radiation accidents in the environment
-
when was the EPA established?
1970 by the executive branch
-
what is the FDA?
U.S. food and drug administration
-
what does the FDA do?
- regulates and design and manufacture of electronic products by virtue of the radiation control health and safety act of 1968
- inspects diagnostic x-ray equipment
- establishes specific operational standards for x-ray equipment
-
what is OSHA?
U.S. occupational safety and health administration
-
what does OSHA do?
- a monitoring agency in places of employment, mostly in industry
- regulates occupational exposure to radiation
- oversees regulations for training programs
- oversees "right to know" regulations
-
around how many of the operators of radiologic equipment in the U.S. are not certified?
as many as half
-
what is a radiation safety officer and medical physicist?
- a designated person in an instution approved by the NRC and the state
- ensures that accepted guidlines for radiation protection are observed and practiced in that institution
- responsible for the formation of the institutional radiation safety program
-
what is an effective dose equivalent limiting system?
- current method for assessing radiation exposure and associated risk to radiation workers and the general public
- the threshold dose that results in a negligible risk of bodily injury or genetic damage
-
What is the radiation control health and safety act of 1968?
- enacted to protect the public from the hazards of unnecessary radiation exposure from electronic equipment
- includes microwave ovens, colr TV's and xray equipment
- falls under the jurisdiction of the FDA
-
what are the code of standards for xray equipment since aug 1, 1974?
- positive beam limitation - no longer have to be within standards
- minimal permanent filtration
- exposure reproducibility and linearity
- beam limitation devices for fluoroscopic spot films
- presence of beam-on indicators
- inclusion of manual backup timers for AEC should the phototimer fail
-
what occured with the consumer-patient radiation health and safety act of 1981?
- established minimal standards for accreditation of educational programs for persons who administer radiologic procedures
- no penalty exists for state non-compliance
-
what are non-stochastic effects?
- deterministic effects
- theres a threshold
- early effects- erythema, decreased WBC count, epilation
- early serious effects- hematopoietic syndrome, GI syndrome, cerebrovascular syndrome
- -acute radiation syndrome
-
what are some late non-stochastic effects?
- cataracts
- fibrosis
- organ atrophy
- reduced fertility
- sterility
- loss of parenchymal cells
-
what are stochastic effects?
- non-threshold, randomly occurring effects
- includes cancer, and genetic effects
-
What are some NCRP recommendations?
- TEDE- total effective dose equivalent
- TED- lifetime total effective dose
-
what is the TEDE (total effective dose equivalent)?
5 rem annualy (50 mSv)
-
what is the TED (lifetime total effective dose)?
should not exceed 10 mSv or 1 rem times person's age
-
what is radiation hormesis?
- a beneficial consequence of constant exposure to radiation exposure
- for ex: people in denver who are exposed to more radiation due to its high elevation are less likely to get cancer (theoretically)
|
|
