psych 301

A research method where the researcher will observe the subjects without modifying anything

The correlational research attempts to determine whether and to what degree, a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable (numerical) variables.

The variable being directly manipulated by the researcher

The variable that is being studied by the researcher, may or may not be influenced by the IV

An experimental design in which each subjects is randomly assigned to only one of the treatment conditions

An experimental design where all subjects receive all treatment conditions. Also called a repeated measures design

This happens when you reject the Null Hypothesis even if it is true.

A Type II Error is also known as a False Negative or Beta Error. This happens when you accept the Null Hypothesis when you should in fact reject it.

A neiscance variable that effects the DV and differs reliably with the IV

Experimental designs in which two or more independent variables are used. This permits the analysis of interactions between variables.

Occurs when the effect of an IV on the DV differ reliably with the levels of a second IV

any variable other than the IV that affects the DV

• Floor - The values of the DV are so low they are not affected by the IV
• Ceiling - The values of the DV are so high they are not affected by the IV

The effect of the change in level of one factor in a factorial experiment measured independently of other variables.

The tendency of an interviewee to agree with the questioner.

• Random - An IV whose levels were chosen randomly from a population of possible values
• Fixed - An IV whose levels were chosen non-randomly

A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

A supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something

• If P then Q
• P
• Therefore Q

• If P then Q
• Not Q
• Therefore not P

Using Modeus Ponens backwards (If P then Q, Q, There for P) this form of logic is invalid, based upon this example

• If Bill Gates owns Fort Knox, then he is rich
• Bill Gates is rich.
• Therefore, Bill Gates owns Fort Knox.

values (amounts) of the treatment variable

• 1. Causation can be implied
• 2. Precise control of variables
• 3. Experiments can be replicated
• 4. Experiment yields quantitative data

• 1.Identity Property
• Occurs when different entities receive different scales

• 2.Magnitude Property
• Occurs when the ordering of values on the scale reflects the ordering of the trait being measured

• 3.Equal intervals
• Occurs when a difference of 1 on the scale represents the same amount of the trait being measured everywhere on the scale (e.g. weight in pounds)

• 4.Absolute Zero
• Occurs when a score of 0 indicates a complete absence of the trait being measured

• Nominal - Identity property
• Ordinal - Identity, Magnitude
• Interval - Identity, magnitude, equal intervals
• Ratio - Identity, magintude, equal inverval, absolute zero

Random Selection is a process of gathering (in a truly random way) a representative sample for a particular study

Every subject selected has an equal chance of experiencing each level of the IV

A study that matches an experimental design in every way except it does not have random assignment

A breakdown of how all the scores fell into a set of set ranges (grade distribution)

A function that represents the distribution of many random variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph.

• Positive - curve towards right
• Negative - curve towards left

Occurs when the subject's score is influenced by performing a task over and over again

Sensitization effects occur when the subject is aware of the manipulations used in a study and such awareness causes him/her to change his/her behavior

results from the previous phase carry-over into the next phase

the systematic variation of the order of presentation of the levels of the independent variable, used to negate practice & carry over effects

Used to plan IV exposure of within subjects design & counter-act practice and carry-over effects

How well does something measure what it is intended to measure

• level - the chance that one commits a type 1 error
• level - the chance of committing a type 2 error

The power of a statistical test is the probability that the test will reject a false null hypothesis

Can't be done, you can only disprove it

Upon retesting extreme scores will migrate towards the mean

Experiments assume that only the IV can have any effect on the DV and that everything is completely random, however if another variable (confound) has a direct and non-random effect on the DV then one of the base assumptions of an experiment becomes flawed and the experiment fails

How generalizable the results of an experiment are in the real world

Cues in the experiment that make the participants aware of what the experimenter expects from them

When the subject's performance changes due to subtle changes in the experimenter or their behaviors

Any effect that seems to be a consequence of administering a placebo, which is a fake treatment or inactive substance

Run a double blind study

The alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study because they are being observed.

Occurs when the DV is affected by the IV, not because of any inherent qualities of the IV but rather because the IV is something new

A type of research design where the researcher will embed themselves in a group to study them

Estimate the amount of variance across groups

A design where data is collected at intervals over a certain period of time

A number between −1 and +1 calculated so as to represent the linear dependence of two variables or sets of data.

r²

Statistical tests where certain assumptions about the parameters of the full population of the sample are taken.

A research method which uses convienence spampling & paper based questionairres. No randomization however easy way to collect large amounts of data

A sample where participants are selected at the convenience of the researcher

A convenience sample with an effort to make sure a certain distribution of demographic selections are made

A completely random subset of people chosen from a larger population

Occurs when a population is first divided into subsets based on some criterion then random sampling occurs within those subsets.

basically stratified sampling where at each level of stratification there is random sampling.

• Title page
• Abstract
• Method Section
• Results
• Discussions

An article that has been accepted for publication but has not been published yet

A typeset copy of the article that is sent to the author for final approval

The APA code of ethics allows for certain forms of deception to occur to be applied to research subjects

• Alpha level
• Sample size
• Effect size
• One tailed vs Two tailed
• Variance

• 1. Less paperwork
• 2. Multiple t-tests inflate the type 1 error rate

• 1.You don't know the direction of the causal relationship
• 2. You don't know the effects of other variables which are not controlled for

• 1. Less restrictive assumptions
• 2. Often easier to calculate than parametric studies

• 1. Tend to be overly conservative
• 2. Some research designs do not have a non-parametric test (factorial designs)

• Bias in choosing sample
• Lack of full disclosure when reporting results
• Lying by poll respondents
• Non-respondents influencing the sample
• Characteristics of the poll taker
• Type of questions asked (open vs closed questions)

• 1. Likely to have type 1 & 2 errors
• 2. Placebo effects are likely
• 3. Experimenter bias is a problem
• 4. Generalization difficulties

• Subjects should agree to participate in research
• Subjects should not be coerced
• Subjects should be fully informed about the purpose of the experiment before deciding to participate
• Subject data should be confidential
• Subjects should be warned of any harmful effects of the study