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Which of the following processes forms a zygote?
fertilization
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Through which of the following structures in the male reproductive tract do sperm pass last?
urethra
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Which of the following glands is not part of the male reproductive system?
sebaceous gland
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Through which of the following female reproductive structures would an egg (or embryo or fetus) pass last?
oviduct
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Fertilization usually occurs in the ________.
oviduct.
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The human embryonic stage that implants into the uterus is called the ________.
Blastocyst
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A developing human is considered a fetus after the ________ week.
8th
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The umbilical cord contains ________.
blood vessels and blood of the fetus only.
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The costs of sexual reproduction include _____.
attracting and keeping a mate, producing gametes, nourishing developing young
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What organ system is part of the male reproductive system but not part of the female reproductive system?
Urinary
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Which hormone is involved in sperm production?
Testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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The endometrium _____.
lines the uterus, is the site of blastocyst implantation, gives rise to maternal portion of the placenta
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Which embryonic membrane anchors the blastocyst and becomes part of the placenta?
chorion
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Blood vessels extend from the fetus, through the _____, and into _____.
umbilical cord, chorionic villi
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The optimal birthing time for a "full term" fetus is _____ weeks after fertilization.
38
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Postnatal growth is most rapid between the ages of _____.
13 to 19 years
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Which of the following choices is not a plant tissue system?
reproductive tissue system
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Which of the following tissues produces a waxy cuticle?
Epidermis
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Which of the following tissues transports water from the roots to the leaves?
xylem
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A plant classified as a eudicot has two ________.
seed leaves
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Which of the following statements describes the arrangement of vascular bundles in a monocot stem?
They are scattered throughout the ground tissue.
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A flat leaf blade with a base that forms a sheath around the stem would typically be found in ________.
monocots only.
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A waxy cuticle is secreted by the leaf ________.
Epidermis
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A mass of undifferentiated cells capable of cell division in the tip of a root or shoot is called a(n)____.
apical meristem
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A main primary root and its lateral branching is a(n) ________ system.
Taproot
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In most areas of the United States, the dark portion of a tree ring forms during the ________.
late summer
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Water movement up a plant is driven mainly by ________.
water evaporating from leaves.
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A stoma in a plant leaf is surrounded by ________.
two guard cells
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The mechanism by which sugar moves in a plant is explained by the ________ theory.
pressure flow
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The complex tissue phloem functions in _____.
sugar distribution
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As a young plant grows taller, most of the cells' divisions are occurring in _____.
apical meristems
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Stomata serve what function in the leaf?
gas exchange
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The root systems of eudicots differ from those of dicots in that_____.
eudicots have a deep taproot while monocots have a shallower, fibrous root system
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Growth rings in trees are caused by _____.
- large-diameter xylem cells produced during wet springs alternating with smaller-diameter ones
- made during dry summers
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Tropical woods have no growth rings because _____.
seasonal changes in the tropics are much less pronounced
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Mycorrhizae absorb some sugars and nitrogen-rich compounds from plant root cells but they aid the plants by _____.
aiding in the absorption of mineral ions
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The evaporation of water molecules from leaves and stems of plants is called _____.
Transpiration
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_____ conducts mainly water and ions and ____ conducts mainly sugars.
xylem; phloem
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The nutrition of some plants depends on a root-fungus association known as a
mycorrhizae
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Water evaporation from plants is called ____.
transpiration
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Which of the following structures is not part of a carpel?
stamen
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Which of the following descriptions correctly defines pollination?
arrival of a pollen grain on a stigma
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Which of the following structures is not part of a seed?
ovary wall
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Which of the following pollinators is attracted to flowers with pigments that reflect ultraviolet light?
bees
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The portion of the female reproductive organs of the flower, which traps pollen grains so that they can germinate is called the _____.
Stigma
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Flowers with vivid red coloration and no fragrance are likely to be pollinated by _____.
birds
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3. In flowering plants, the term "double fertilization" means that _____.
one sperm fertilizes the egg and another fertilizes the double-nucleated cell in the embryo sac
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Aggregate fruits form from _____.
separate ovaries of a single flower
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The embryo, its seed coat, and its food reserves are all packaged together into the _____.
seed
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Aspen trees mainly reproduce _____ growing larger through _____.
asexually, mitosis
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Meristematic cells within a plant can differentiate into various cell types because they _____.
use different subsets of the same set of genes
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The _____ ,which bears flowers, roots, stems and leaves, dominates the life cycle of flowering plants.
Sporophyte
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Seeds are mature ____; fruits are mature _______.
ovules; ovaries, mostly
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After meiosis within pollen sacs, haploid _____ form.
Microspores
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Cotyledons develop as part of _____ .
embryo sporophytes
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The _____ of a flower contains one or more ovaries in which eggs develop, fertilization occurs and seeds mature.
Carpel
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Parthenogenesis is known as ___.
Eggs that develop without fertilization
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What determines sex of vertebrates?
Chromosomes
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What determines sex of egg-laying reptiles?
Temperature
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What determines sex of wasps, ants and bees?
Unfertilized egg = male and fertilized egg = female
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What determines sex of bony fishes?
Their sex can change during their lifetime
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Trace the path of sperm in males.
Testes � epididymis � vas deferens � ejaculatory duct � urethra
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What do the seminal vesicles do?
They secrete fructose (energy for sperm) & prostaglandins � smooth muscle contractions
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What does the prostate do?
It secretions increase sperm motility
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What do the bulbourethral glands do?
They secrete a clear mucus to aid sperm travel and neutralizes urine in urethra
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Trace the path of the egg in a female.
Ovary � oviduct � uterus
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What is the pregnancy hormone called?
HCG
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What are the extra embryonic membranes critical to development?
The amnion and the chorion and the placenta
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What does the amnion do?
It encloses and protects embryo in fluid
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What are some characteristics of the kingdom plantae?
Multi-celled, photoautotrophs, closely related to green algae
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What are angiosperms?
They are the most diverse group with in the plant kingdom, flowering plants, broken into two categories � Eudicots and monocots
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What are the three most important plants to humanity?
Rice, wheat and corn
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What are the two basic plant systems?
Root and shoot
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What are some characteristics of root plant system?
Anchor root, penetrate soil and absorb water + dissolved minerals, store food
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What are some characteristics of shoot plant systems?
Stems & leaves, produce food by photosynthesis, carry out reproduction functions
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What do modified stems do?
Store food and water, vegetative reproductive, protect. EX: white potato
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What do modified leaves do?
Store food and water, climb, attract pollinators, trap insects, collect soil, protect ex: onion leaves and aloe vera
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What is Xylem?
It conducts water & dissolves minerals
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What is phloem?
It transports sugars
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What is transpiration?
It requires no energy, H2O evaporates from leaves (out stomata), low pressure pulls h20 thru xylem, hydrogen bonds hold h2o molecules together
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What is pressure flow?
Requires energy, load sucrose into phloem, h2o passively enters by osmosis, pressure created moves fluid throughout plant
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What are monocots?
Grasses, orchids, palms, lilies, cereal grains, parallel veins in leaves, fibrous root system
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What are eudicots?
Trees, shrubs, roses, oaks, maples, net like veins in leaves, fruit and veggies, has petiole, taproot system
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What are the three F�s of flowering plants?
Flowers, fruits, double fertilization
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What are the four parts of an ideal flower?
Sepals, petals, stamen, carpel
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What are seeds?
Mature ovules
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What are fruits?
Mature ovary and/or nearby tissues
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What are four ways of seed dispersal?
Wind, water, animal hitch hiker, animal edible
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What are simple fruits?
Derived from single ovary, example: peas
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What are aggregate fruits?
Numerous ovaries within 1 flower example: raspberry
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What are multiple fruits?
Many flowers each with own carpel example: pineapple
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What are accessory fruits?
Tissue not derived from ovary example apple
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What can trigger germination?
Rain, fire, cold, light, partial digestion
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