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abrisson05
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Growth
Inc in physical size and wt
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Development
Gradual inc in capability or function
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Maturation
Inc in competence and adaptability
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Differentiation
Development from simple to complex
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Cephalocaudal
Development that proceeds from head down
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Proximodistal
Growth from the center of the body to the extremities
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Biologic growth and development basics
- Ht occurs as a result of skeletal growth; stable measurement of general growth
- Active growth in length takes place in epiphyseal growth plate
- Lymphoid tissue is well developed at birth; reaches maximum size by 10-12 years and then stabilizes
- Metabolism is highest in newborn infants and progressively decreases throughout lide; higher in boys
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Temperament
- Refers to the way in which a person deals with life
- Easy child
- Difficult child
- Slow-to-warm-up child
- Remaining 35% do not fit categories
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Easy child
- Even tempered, predictable, open and adaptable
- 40% of children
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Difficult child
- Highly active, irritable, and irregular
- Moods are intense
- 10% of children
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Slow-to-warm-up child
- Adapt slowly, inactive, moody
- 15% of children
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Freud's theory of psychosexual development
- Personality is a structure with three parts:
- Id
- Ego
- Super ego
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-id
- Present at brth
- drives the individual to seek pleasure
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Ego
- Realistic part of the person
- develops during infancy
- Seeks acceptance
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Super ego
- Develops during childhood
- Seeks moral and ethical system
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Piagets theory of cognitive development
- Sensorimotor--birth to 2yrs; learn about world through input
- Pre-operational--2 to 7yrs; thinks by using words as symbols but logic not well developed
- Concrete operation--7 to 11yrs; transductive reasoning allows understanding of cause and effect
- Formal operation--11yrs to adult; fully mature intellectual thoughts
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Kolbergs theory of moral development
- Preconventional--stage 4 to 7yrs; decisions aare based on desire to please and avoid punishment
- Conventional--stage7 to 11yrs; conscience and internal set of standards becomes important. Rules must be followed.
- Post conventional--12yrs and older; internal ethical standards are present which are used in decision making. Social responsibility is recognized.
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Self concept includes
All notions, beliefs, and convictions that constitute an individuals self knowledge and that influence that individuals relationship with others
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Body image is
Subjective concepts and attitudes that individuals have toward their own bodies
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Self esteem refers to
An overall evaluation of oneself; refers to a personal, subjective judgeent of one's worthiness
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Influences on development
- Parental contributions beginning at conception
- Family structure and parenting style effect the childs environment
- Cultural influences-traditional practices of groups
- Nutrition
- Socioeconomic level
- Diseàse
- Environmental hazards
- Stress in childhood
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G&D for infants (birth to 1yr)
- Most rapid period of growth
- Wt double by 5 mo.; triple by 1 yr
- Body organs and systems are not mature
- Nervous system begins demonstrating control
- Cognitive development involves maturation of the cells
- Relies on interactions with primary care providers
- Solitary play but enjoys presence of others
- Communcates with two interactions at a few weeks
- Understands (receptive) more words than can speak(expressive)
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Developmental stages infant
- Physical: most dramatic period of rapid growth and dvelopment
- Psychosocial: erikson's theory of trust vs mistrust
- Cognitive: piagets sensorimotor skills
- Behavioral: motor skills and language
- Physical examsL frequent due to many milestones and immunizations
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G&d toddler (1-3yrs)
- Sometimes called forst adolescence due to independence adn negativism
- Child limits food intake
- Gross moto develops rapidly
- Moves from sensorimotor to preoperational stage of development
- Rooted in a trusting relationship
- Parallel play-play at the same time as other children but not necessarily together
- Very ttemperamental period
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Developmental staged toddler
- Phyiscal: potbelly, sway back, short bowed legs
- Psychosocial: erikson's autonomy vs shame and doubt
- Cognitive: piaget's preoperational stage
- Behavioral: motor and language skills
- Physical exams: less frequent and more routine, immunizations complete by age 2
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G&d preschool child (306yrs)
- Able to speak clearly; language well developed
- Slow growth mostly in long bones
- Physical skills improve (drawing and learning)
- Preoperational thought is evident, words have meaning
- Magical thinking is believed to be true
- Interact with others during play (associative play)
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Developmental stages preschool
- Physical: slims and elongates, loss of "baby" look
- Psychosocial: Erik's initiative vs guilt
- Cognitive: piaget's preoperational stage
- Behavioral: motor and language skills
- Physical exams: routine, must have head to toe exam and immunizations complete prior to starting school
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G&d school-age child (6-12yrs)
- Need to perfom useful work
- Last stage where girls and boys are close in size
- Body organs and immune system matures. Can handle medication better.
- Nutritional needs increase
- Enters concrete operational thought 7yrs
- Understand everyone has a role in games like rules
- Ability to cooperate with other to play is called cooperative play
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Developmental stages school age child
- Physical: growth spurts
- Psychosocial: erikson's industry vs inferiority
- Cognitive: piaget's concrete operations
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Developmental stages preadolescence(12-13yrs)
- Physical: varies markedly
- Psychosocial: begins to pull away from family and develop close friendships and groups
- Challenges authority
- Rejects standards
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G&d adolescent (12-18yrs)
- signals end of childhood and entrance to adulthood
- Numerous physical changes called puberty
- Growth spurt--girls around 10y/o, boys 13y/o
- Menstruation in girls signals achievement of puberty
- Many physical and hormonal changes
- Ability to think and act independently causes rebellion for many
- Any new activities: driving
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Developmental stages adolescence (13-19yrs)
- Physical: puberty
- Psychosocial: erikson's ego identity vs identity confusion
- Cognitive: piaget's formal operations
- Behavioral: boyfriend/girlfriend relationships
- Physical exams: selfcare focused
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Functions of play
- Sensorimotor
- Intellectual
- Creativity
- Self-awareness
- Therapeutic value
- Moral value
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