PSYC 4

A simple, involuntary response to a stimulus is called a ________.

Reflexes are e_______ in the sense that they are drawn out by stimuli that precede their occurrence.

A s________ reaction is an automatic defensive response to a sudden, unexpected stimulus; the o________ response consists of movements designed to facilitate attending to a stimulus.

Many simple reflexes are activated through a r______ a______ that consists of a(n) _______ neuron, a(n) _______ neuron, and a(n) ______ neuron (in that order).

Quickly jerking your hand or foot away from contact with an open flame or sharp object is a reflexive action know as a fl_____ response. In such cases, the perception of pain generally (precedes/follows)_____ the response.

A _____ _____ _____ is a fixed sequence of responses that occurs in reaction to a specific stimulus.

The specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern is called a s______ stimulus or r_____.

Different species of spiders spin different kinds of webs. Web spinning of this sort can thus be considered a sp_____-sp______ behavior. Such behaviors used to be called i______, but some researchers dislike this term because it implies that the behavior is more (flexible/inflexible) _______than is actually the case.

An increase in the strength of a behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is called _______.

A decrease in the strength of a behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is called ______.

Learning to ignore the sound of dripping water is an example of ________; becoming increasingly aware of the sound of a jackhammer on the street below your apartment is an example of ______.

The fact that it has been several months since you noticed the sound of the fan in your home computer is an example of l__________-t________ habituation. Such habituation tends to build up (quickly/slowly) _______ and disappear (quickly/slowly) ________.

In general, sensitization is (less/more) ______ stimulus specific than habituation.

The presentation of a novel stimulus during a period of habituation can sometimes result in dis______, in which the habituated response (reappears/disappears) ______.

One factor that influences whether we habituate or become sensitized to a particular stimulus is the ______ of the eliciting stimulus.

In general, repeated presentations of a low-intensity stimulus result in ______, and repeated presentations of a high-intensity stimulus result in ______.

A stimulus of intermediate intensity will initially result in a period of ______ which is then followed by _______.

From an evolutionary standpoint, if a stiumulus is irrelevant or "safe," we tend to ______ to it, whereas if a stimulus is perceived as a signal of danger we will become _______ to it.

We often fail to _____ to stimuli (even if they are not actually dangerous) because our nervous system tends to "err on the side of caution" to keep us safe.

Classical conditioning is also known as P_______ conditioning or r______ conditioning.

In respondent conditioning, the behaviors themselves are called _______ behaviors or simply ______.

In the metronome example, the metronome is initially a(n) ______ stimulus because it (does/does not) _______ elicit salivation. The food, however, is a(n) stimulus that elicits a(n) _______ response of salivation.

During conditioning, the metronome can be labeled as either a(n) _______ stimulus or a(n) _______ stimulus.

Following conditioning, the metronome is a(n) ______ stimulus, and the salivation elicited by the metronome is a(n) _______ response.

Each pairing of the metronome and the food is called a c______ tr_______.

In the basic classical conditioning procedure, the (CS/US/NS) _______ is paired with the (CS/US/NS) _______, which in turn elicits the (CR/UR) _______. As a result, the first stimulus becomes a (CS/US/NS) ______, which elicits a (CR/UR) ______.

The CR is (often/always) ______ (similar/identical) ______ to the UR.

A CR that appears identical to the UR is almost always (less/more) intense.

In ______ conditioning, the US is an event that is usually considered unpleasant and that the organism avoids.

In ______ conditioning, the US is an event that is usually considered pleasant and that the organism seeks out.

Learning to associate the corner bar with the happy times you experience in that bar is an example of _____ conditioning.

Learning to associate your refrigerator with the nauseating smell of spoiled food is an example of ______ conditioning.

In a c_____ e______ response (CER) paradigm, the level of fear elicited by a CS is indicated by the degree to which the rat's rate of lever pressing for food (decreases/increases) ______ in the presence of that stimulus.

The CER paradigm is also know as a c______ s______ paradigm.

The suppression ratio is the number of (pre-CS/CS/post-CS) _____ responses divided by the number of _____ responses plus the number of ______ responses.

Total suppression of behavior results in a suppression ratio of (.5/0) ___ whereas no suppression of behavior will result in a suppression ratio of around _____.

Conditioning associated with the removal of a US is known as ______ conditioning

Most of the basic principles of classical conditioning have been established using procedures that involve _______ conditioning.

A conditioned excitatory stimulus (an excitatory CS) is one that is associated with the (presentation/removal) _______ of a US; a conditioned inhibitory stimulus (an inhibitory CS) is one that is associated with the (presentation/removal) _______ of a US.

An excitatory CS for fear is one that will (elicit/suppress) ______ a fear response; an inhibitory CS for fear is one that will (elicit/suppress) ______ a fear response.

The most successful temporal arrangement for conditioning is delayed conditioning, in which the onset of the NS (precedes/follows) ______ the onset of the US, and the two stimuli (overlap/do not overlap) ______.

In delayed conditioning, the time between the onset of the NS and the onset of the US is called the ______ interval (abbreviated _______).

In trace conditioning, the (onset/offset) _____ and _____ of the NS precedes the _____ of the US.

In trace conditioning, the time between the _____ of the NS and the ______ of the US is called the _____ interval. Trace conditioning can be effective if this interval is relatively (long/short) _____.

In simultaneous conditioning, the _____ of the NS occurs at the same time as the _____ of the US. Simultaneous conditioning usually results in (good/poor) _____ conditioning.

In backward conditioning, the (US/NS) ____ is presented first and the (US/NS) ____ is presented later. Backward conditioning is generally considered to result in (good/poor) ____ conditioning.

Backward conditioning can result in excitatory conditioning of fear when the NS is a b_____ relevant stimulus for fear. Backward conditioning can also result in inhibitory conditioning when the NS signals the (presentation/removal) _____ of the US.

appetitive conditioning

Aversive conditioning

Backward conditioning

Classical conditioning

CR

CS

Delayed conditioning

Dishabituation

Excitatory conditioning

fixed action pattern

Flexion response

Habituation

Inhibitory conditioning

Orienting response

reflex arc

reflex

sensitization

sign stimulus (or releaser)

Simultaneous conditioning

Startle response

Trace conditioning

Unconditioned Response

Unconditioned stimulus (US)