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Glycocalyx- capsule
"sugar coat" capsule- tighly adhere to cell wall.
- Help bacteria:
- 1. adhere to our cells
- 2. avoid phagocytosis
- 3. sometimes trigger endocytosis into our cells (listeria and e. coli
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Glycocalyx- slime layer
loosely attached to cell wall
attach to teeth, form plaque, cavities, gum disease, leads to bacteremia and heart disease
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Flagella
consist of fillament, hook, and basal body.
helps propel bacteria
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monotrichous
one flagellum
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peritrichous
flagella all over
e.coli, proteus
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fimbriae
allow adherence to surfaces
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pili
join to bacteria together for transfer of DNA- plasmids
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lysozyme
break protien cross links in peptidoglycan cell wall
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cell wall made of
peptidoglycan layer
Gram - also has lipid layer
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resistance to antibiodics is due to
- -less effective on gram -
- - make enzyme that deactivates
- - build cell wall differently
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inclusion
storage vesicle for nutrients
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cell membrane made of
-phosphlipids and protiens
- - allow entry of nutrients-antibiotics come in w/nutrients
- -site of ETC
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inhibiting protien synthesis
(mode of action of antibiotics)
- -aminoglycosides- gentamycin, streptomycin
- - tetracycline
can cause organ damage and inhibit ribosomes
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endospores
bacterial DNA enclosed in thick protien coat
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endospore producers
- clostridium- at end
- bacillus- inside
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conditions that cause endospore production
- lack of moisture
- stressful temperature
- too much/too little O2
- not enough nutrients
- overcrowding
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sporulation
formation of endospore
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ways endospores can be destructed
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Germination
favorable conditions- start dividing and become vegetative cell again
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clostridium dificil
diarrhea- overgrows in the colon
enterotoxin causes water loss in intestinal cells
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clostridium tetani
causes tetanus
muscle cramping, rigidity
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clostridium botulinum
food poisoning
block muscle contraction, causes paralysis
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clostridium perfringes
causes gangrene and intestinal issues
dissolve connective tissue
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clostridium
- gram +
- obligate anaerobe
- endospore forming
- rod
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bacillus
- gram +
- endospore forming
- chain
- rods
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bacillus cereus
food poisoning
- emetic toxins (vomitting)
- enterotoxins (diarrhea)
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bacillus anthracis
anthrax
- edema toxin (water balance)
- lethal toxin ( kills macrophages)
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obligate aerobe
require oxygen to grow
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facultative anaerobe
can grow with or without O2 but better with O2
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obligate anaerobe
grow without O2
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thermophiles
grow best at high temperatures
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mesophiles
grow best at room or body temperature
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psychrophiles
grow at cold temperatures, including refrigerator
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binary fission- bacterial mitosis
add cell wall, build seperating wall, and keeps elongating
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stages of bacterial growth
- 1. lag
- 2. log
- 3. stationary
- 4. death
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lag
cells store up needed materials for division
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log
cells are dividing rapidly
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stationary
cell division and cell death are balanced population is stable
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death phase
number of deaths is greater than the number of new cells formed
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purpose of cellular respiration
produce energy in the form of ATP
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jobs of ATP
transport and move, turn enzymes on and off
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ATP production- use of a sugar
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glycolysis
break sugar down into pyruvate-2 ATP
-usually modified to ethanol or lactic acid
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fermentation
converting pyruvate into ethanol, lactic acid, 2-3 butanediol
fermentation is necessary if the organism cant use oxygen to extract pyruvate
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ATP production- use of an amno acid
can be converte into pyruvate or other nutrients that can be used in the Krebs cycle and ETC
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ATP production- use of fatty acid
converted into Acetyl COA, key substrate in the Krebs cycle
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