sport psych final

leadership behaviors can be learned

consideration and initiating structure

• leader behavior that is indictive of friendship, mutual trust, respect and warmth towards subordinate
• -for younger or inexperienced players

• clearly defining the relationship between leader and subordinate
• -task motivated
• -autocratic

model describes how a leaders personality interacts with the situation

coaches have behavioral signature that is a function of their personality, situation, and CAPS

personality doesnt change but the situation may

• types of behaviors recorded when
• -players perform well
• -players make mistake
• -player misbehaves
• spontaneous behaviors that are
• -game related
• -game irrelevant

players and coaches

• compliment
• postive reinforcement
• compliment

greater future leadership oppurtunities

catcher and pitcher

refers to the interaction between players on the same team

refers to the observability and visibilty on the playing field

means to be playing more than the middle field, its means playing in a position of high task dependance and high propinquity

managerial oppurtunities

disproportionate placement of minorties into positions of low centrality relative to task dependence and propinquity

underrepresented in central positions where oppurtunities for leadership are greatest

• financial reasons
• baseball cannot match the "buzz" other sports make
• few black roles currently exsist

anxiety reducing effects of exercise

short duration

• exercise that is long term
• ex. 12 months

sufficient oxygen avaiable for continuous exercise

ex. running

• exercise with oxygen debt
• ex. weight lifting

moderate intensity was the best to reduce negative effects

exercise that involves the use of weights or weight training and more than 30 min.

moderate intense resistance exercise is superior

different mechanisms which affective responses are generated

• exercise above lactate threshold should be percieved as unpleasant
• exercise below lactate threshold should percieved as pleasant

psychological benefits

psychological benefits than walking indoors

greater

perserving cognitive functioning that normally declines with age

• improve positive effect
• can reduce fatigue symptoms
• increase relaxation

socially enriched enviroment can result in greater self revitalization and self efficacy

greater exercise function and greater cognitive function

meta analyses

cause and effect relationship

that two variables are correlated does not prove that one causes another

• information processing speed
• executive function

simple and complex measures of reaction time and response time

higher order cognitive ability that controls basic cognitive functions

• tests such as:
• erickson flanker test
• stroop test
• complex reaction time test

• exercise can improve information processing speed
• exercise can improve higher brain function
• *prefrontal cortex

balance of neurotransmitter in brain = feel better

hormone in blood and brain = feel better

• sendentary -> exercise adoption (T1)
• exercise adoption -> maintenance or dropout (T2)
• dropout -> exercise resumption (T3)

• confidence
• knowledge of healthy lifestyle
• perception of self control
• good attitude

• avaiable time
• behavioral coping skills
• group cohesion

• overweight
• blue collar
• mood state
• physical discomfort

attitude + social norm cause intention to exercise which lead to exercise behavior

exercise behavior with personalty, past behavior and self efficacy lead to exercise

• five dynamic stages in adopting a healthy long term exercise behavior
• interventions called process of change

• precontemplation
• contemplation
• preperation
• action
• maintenance

interventions to help a person move on from one stage to the next

• cognitive - early stages
• behavioral- later stages

• chapter on self confidence and intrinsic motivation
• autonomy, competence and relatedness with exercise behavior -> instrinsc motivation

• coercian are ineffective
• reinforcing motivation = positive
• rewards and threats are poor long term motivators

buffer of life stress and reduces hypertension with fewer doctors visits needed

• without cancer: lowers incidence of breast and colon cancer
• with cancer: improved psychological well being

• immune system stimulated by moderate exercise
• creates resistance to illness

refers to the ability of individuals to insulate against stressors of life through regular exercise

accumulation of daily hassles and challenges of living out our lives

life stress and illness

• vitality
• integration
• lack of anxiety
• lack of shyness

breast cancer

reduction of the immune system

medium (moderate)

low-moderate

when people percieve others evaluate their physiques negatively

level of motivation that an indivdiual has to present their physical appearance in a positive way

perception that people have about themselves relative to the physical self

images or mental pictures that have about their own bodies

MBSRQ questionare

• dissatification increased
• women - motivated by media
• female athletes - want to be more muscular

desire to achieve an idealized muscular body type

• personality
• history of stressors
• coping resources
• interventions

athletes inability to respond to the demands of potentially stressful athletic situation results in the stress response

• hardiness
• locus of control
• sense of coherance
• competitive trait anxiety
• instrinsic motivation

injury vulnerability

fear of reinjury

• coping behaviors
• social support
• stress management
• attentional stragety
• medication

behaviors that assist an individual in dealing with stressful situation

individuals who provide support including parents, friends, coaches

• emotional
• informational
• tangible

reduces stress response associated with reduction in number of injuries

association (focus on body) and dissoation (focus on ipod)

can reduce number and severity of athletic injuries

rethinking how one plans to address a particular stressful situation

modified through progressive relaxation and injury

concious use of mental imagery for the purpose of effective coping with injury rehabilitation

• includes:
• imagery
• relaxation
• goal setting
• biofeedback

writing about suppressed negative thoughts and feelings

• pain tolerance
• ways of categorizing pain
• measuring percieved pain
• pain reducing techniques
• pain catastrophizing

• personality characteristics that have an impact upon cognitive appraisal, emotional response
• low pain tolerance = difficult rehabilitation

• harmless pain
• ex. chest pain

dangerous pain

cannot be measured directly or felt by another

intense and unpleasant pain on scale of 0-10

25 item inventory that measures five aspects of pain being expereinced

• pharmacological pain management - drugs short term
• nonpharmacolgical pain managment- association and dissociation

degree to which individuals focus on pain

• may not be ready
• fear of reinjury

• high motivation
• positive and negative emotions
• does not rush decision
• copes with injury flare ups

• coping resources
• money
• financial plan
• social support

sport psychologist helps coach

hiring of sport psychologist for team

• personal growth benefits
• performance enhancement
• physical and technical development

• injury contagion
• worry about injurying themselves
• planned interventions

may arise when teammate sees another teammate get injured

synthetic derivatives of testosterone that effect muscularity and mascunilty

• temper
• lower voice
• more hair
• more acne

• increased body wt
• altered body composition
• increased muscle size and strength
• increased blood volume
• increased number of red blood cells

aggressive behavior

• placebo effect
• athlete thinks drug will improve performance

severe punishment

• stimulants
• depressants
• diuretics
• beta blockers
• creatinine

excites and increases awareness and energy

sedatives believed to relieve tension and depression

reduce body weight through fluid elimination

• steady and slow heart rate
• decrease performance anxiety

increase body mass and water retention

• explosive outburst of energy
• reactions include: distress nausea

HGH human growth hormone

• cognitive techniques
• behavioral teachniques

• coach shows concern for athletes
• team policy on drug abuse

• cost/benefit
• -consequences
• -time
• -reflection

• addicted to exercise
• go through withdrawl/anxiety/moody without it

• tolerance
• withdrawl
• intention effects
• loss of control
• time
• conflict
• continuance

increase frequency and intensity

experience mood disturbance

go beyond intentions

cannot control amount of exercise

occupational and social

both the same

eating disorders

• severe wt loss
• refusal to maintain normal wt
• intense fear of gaining wt
• 15% below normal body wt

• binge eating followed by purge
• loss of self control
• normal body wt

does not contain all the criteria for diagnosis just behaviors

• ED-NOS describes fear of obesity
• goal of being in sport is to not be fat

DSM

athletes - ED-NOS

• diet pills
• diuretics
• fat free diets
• laxatives
• fasting

low

thinness culture in which a female person comes to view her body as an object

• disordered eating
• menstrual dysfunction
• low bone mineral density

• female
• sports encourging thinness
• ego
• coaches
• culture

excessive

preoccupation with notion that he is insufficiently muscular

muscle dysmorphia

emotional/physical exhaustion

• investment in activity
• too much = burnout
• enjoy sport = may cause less burnout

• heavy training
• performance demands
• pressure to perform at high levels
• nagging injuries
• media and fan expectations

• emotional/physical exhaustion
• reduced sense of accomplishment
• sport devaluation

• increased resting heart rate
• increased sleep loss
• decreased body wt
• increased colds
• increased muscle soreness

• increased mood disturbance
• decreased self esteem
• negative change in quality of personal interaction

• play for own reasons
• balance sport with life
• not fun dont play
• relax take time off