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Locomotion
movement from one place to another
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Sessile
- organism that does not move
- ex: sponge
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Cilia
- tiny flapping hairs
- ex: paramecium
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Pseudopods
- false feet, extension of cytoplasm
- ex: ameba
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How does an earthworm crawl?
by peristalsis
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Setae
"anchors" in earthworm
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3 major functions of the skeleton
- support
- movement
- protection of internal organs
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Hydrostatic skeleton
- consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment
- ex: earthworm, hydra, jellyfish
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Exoskeleton
- rigid external skeleton
- usually made of chitin
- hard or leathery
- ex: insects, crabs, clams
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Endoskeleton
- cartilage or a combination of cartilage + bone
- ex: vertebrates
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Axial skeleton
supports the axis (trunk) of body
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axis (trunk) of body
skull, backbone, rib cage
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Appendicular skeleton
- supports the paired appendages
- shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs
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joints
provide flexibility
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What covers the bones?
sheet of fibrous connective tissue
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What cushions joints?
cartilage
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Bone cells live in a matrix of...?
...flexible protein fibers and hard calcium salts
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Protein fibers resist __.
cracking
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Calcium salts resist __.
compression
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Yellow marrow
central cavity of bone; stores fat
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Red marrow
spongy bone; produces blood cells
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Tendons
connect muscles to bone
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Ligaments
connect bone to bone
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Smooth (Visceral) muscle
involuntary; digestive system
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Striated (skeletal) muscle
voluntary; biceps, triceps
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Muscle Fiber
individual muscle cell
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sarcolemma
plasma membrane enclosing the muscle fiber
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sarcoplasm
equivalent of cytoplasm in a muscle cell
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T-tubules
in the sarcoplasm, they allow transport of substances throughout the muscle fiber
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
(muscle cell) stores calcium
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What are the myofibrils made up of?
sarcomeres
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sarcomeres
the smallest functional units of a muscle
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what are sarcomeres composed of?
filaments of myosin and actin, which are responsible for muscle contraction
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myosin
thick filament with a globular head at one end
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actin filament
composed of actin, tropomyasin, + troponin is attached to a Z disk
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Arthritis
inflammation of the joints
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Osteoporosis
bones become brittle
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Fracture
break in bone or cartilage
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sprain
injury to a ligament that results from overuse or trauma
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strain
muscle or tendon stretching or tearing
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tendonitis
inflammation of the tendons
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Where is cartilage found in humans?
nose, ears, trachea, at the end of bones
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joints
make movement of the skeleton possible
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Hinge joints
- can move back and forth
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Ball-and-socket joints
- circular movements
- ex: shoulder, hip
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pivot joint
- can move in a half circle
- ex: neck
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Immovable joint
bones of the skull
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