-
area of retina of sharpest vision
Fovea
-
responsible for color vision. Work well in bright light
cones
-
area of view with less sharp vision
Peripheral Field
-
responsible for black and white vision. Work well dim--> bright light
rod
-
covered with photo-receptors
Retina
-
near sightedness; see objects close ok, cannot see distant objects; eye is too long
myopia
-
far-sighted= can see distant objects okay, cannot see close; eye is too short
hypermetropia
-
far-sighted= can see distant objects okay, cannot see close. As you age, the lens loses elasticity and cannot shape to focus on close objects.
Presbyopia
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act as bug detectors
hairs
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contains lysozyme to kill pathogens; causes water to bead so it rolls out of ear canal
wax
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sense of hearing and it is in what part of the ear
organ of corti and it's located in the inner ear
-
sense of balance and position and it is in what part of the ear
statocyst and statolith; semi-circular canals; it's located in the inner ear
-
static balance= know position in absence of movement
statocyst and statolith
-
dynamic balance= know position while moving
semi-circular canals
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4th century B.C.; 10 volumes= "Historia Animalium"
Aristotle
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Has ten volumes and is about the "Ladder of life"
"Historia Animalium"
-
Aristotle's "Historia Animalium" top two on the "ladder of life" are:
humans and elephants
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1627-1705 AD; first to use "species" like we use it today
John Ray
-
1707-1778 AD; "Binomial system of Nomenclature"; Father of modern classification
Carolus Linnaeus
-
Binomial is two name and Nomenclature is science of naming
"Binomial system of Nomenclature"
-
Kingdom; Phylum; Class; Order; Family; Genera/Genus; Species
Modern Classification Scheme
-
Living organisms are classified with the use of
diagnostic
-
Living organisms are classified with the use of diagnostic and the characteristics are ___?
a feature shared by a group of organisms that allow it to be distinguished from a similar group
-
a measure of the variety of organisms that live in a particular area
Biodiversity
-
Biodiversity= measured in 3 ways
species biodiversity; ecosystem biodiversity; genetic biodiversity
-
the number of different species living in an area
species biodiversity
-
the number of different ecosystems found in an area
ecosystem biodiversity
-
the number of different genes present in population found in an area
genetic biodiversity
-
Biodiversity is affected by
weather and climate
-
a measure of daily fluctuations in temperature, humidity, rainfall, etc.
weather
-
average daily weather factors seen over a long period= a year.
climate
-
Weather and climate are affected by
global air currents; global water currents; and chemical composition of the atmosphere
-
global air currents
jet stream
-
global water currents
gulf stream
-
chemical composition of atmosphere
green house gases- "green house" effect and ozone layer in the atmosphere and uv light
-
greenhouse gases
CO2; methane; water vapor
-
global warming=
greenhouse gases; sun cycle; volcanos
-
areas with living organisms that are determined by weather and climate
Biomes
-
Types of biomes
Desert biome; Grasslands biome; Deciduous forest biome
-
area receives less than 10 inches of rainfall per year. See plants and animals with adaptations that allow survival in dry conditions
Desert biome
-
get more than 10 inches of rain per year but not enough rain to support growth of trees
Grasslands biome
-
requires the most water
Deciduous forest biome
-
Four factors that affect the population size
births (+), deaths (-), immigration (+), emigration (-)
-
the amount of biomass that the environment can support indefinitely
Carrying capacity
-
allows population size to increase
Biotic Potential
-
Abiotic factors of biotic potential:
adequate light, sufficient H2O, good soil, moderate temps
-
Biotic factors of biotic potential:
no disease or paracites, high reproduction, plentiful food; generalized niche= eat a wide variety of foods= O'possum
-
causes population to decline
Environmental resistance
-
Abiotic factors of environmental resistance
inadequate light, drought, poor soil, harsh water, hot summers
-
Biotic factors of environmental resistance
high rates of disease and parasites, low reproduction, inadequate food; specialized niche= Everglades kite (hawk) only eats apple snails
-
Ecosystem trophic levels
producers, first order consumers, second order consumers, third order consumers, decomposers
-
green plants= can convert sun energy into chemical energy= photosynthesis; must have
Producers
-
Herbivores= animals that eat producers
First order consumers
-
carnivores= animals that eat first order consumers
Second order consumers
-
carnivores= animals that eat second order consumers
Third order consumers
-
bacteria, fungi, worms= nature's recyclers= take dead organisms break down their macromolecules and allow the building blocks to re-enter the nutrient cycle of the ecosystem
Decomposers
-
Relationships among trophic levels
pyramid of numbers; pyramid of energy; pyramid of biomass
-
In nature...
matter is recycled over and over; there is no energy cycle
-
Energy moves ____________ through the ecosystem.
one-way
-
With each transfer of energy from one trophic level to another, ___ of the energy is lost because of ___________.
90% and the second law of thermodynamics
-
Toxin that is not easily broken down
DDT
-
seen in simple ecosystems; unstable
food chain
-
complex and stable
food web
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