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Five Primary Functions of the Skeletal System
- Support
- Storage of Minerals calcium and Lipids yellow marrow
- Blood Cell Production red marrow
- Protection
- Leverage force of motion
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Bones are classified by....
- Location axial vs appendicular
- Shape
- Bone markings various surface features
- Internal tissue organization compact vs spongy
- Manner of formation endochondral vs intramembranous ossification
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What are the six different shapes of bone?
- Sutural Bones = small, irregular bones found between the flat bones of the skull
- Irregular Bones = complex shapes examples: spinal vertebrae, pelvic bones
- Short Bones = small and thick examples: ankle and wrist bones
- Flat Bones = thin with parallel surfaces found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae
- Long Bones = long and thin found in arms, legs, hands, feett, fingers, and toes
- Sesamoid Bones = small and flat develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, and feet
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What are the different bone markings and what fucntions do they serve?
- Depressions or grooves, along bone surface
- Elevations or projections, where tendons and ligaments attach, at articulations with other bones
- Tunnels, where blood and nerves enter bone
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List and describe the parts of a long bone.
- Diaphysis = the shaft, a heavy wall of compact bone or dense bone, a central space called medullary marrow cavity
- Epiphysis = wide part at each end, articulation with other bones, mostly spongy cancellous bone, covered with compact bone cortex
- Metaphysis = wheree diaphysis and epiphysis meet
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Bone (Osseous) Tissue contains which four types of cells?
- Osteocytes
- Osteoblasts
- Osteoprogenitor cells
- Osteoclasts
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Osteocytes have what function in the skeletal system?
Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.
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Osteoblasts are?
Immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds called osteogenesis
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What cells in the skeletal system are mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts and fracture repair?
Osteoprogenitor cells
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These cells dissolve the bone matrix and release stored minerals, also what is this process called?
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Osteons are the basic unit in what type of bone?
Compact bone
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In compact bone osteocytes are located in ______ and arranged in _______ ________.
- Lacunae
- Concentric lamellae
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A central canal in compact bones contains?
Blood vessels
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Perforating canals are located ________ to the central canal and carry blood vessels into ____ and ________.
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The Circumferential Lamellae is?
Wrap around long bone and bind osteons together
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- 1. Canaliculi
- 2. Concentric lamellae
- 3. Central canal
- 4. Osteon cell
- 5. Lacunae
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- 1. Perforating fibers
- 2. Venule
- 3. Capillary
- 4. Perlosteum
- 5. Interstitial lamellae
- 6. Concentric lamellae
- 7. Trabeculae of spongy bone
- 8. Perforating canal
- 9. Central canal
- 10. Arteriole
- 11. Artery
- 12. Vein
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The structure of spongy bone differs from compact bone in these four ways.
- No osteons
- Matrix is open network of trabeculae with no blood vessels
- Space between trabeculae filled with red bone marrow that forms red blood cells
- Yellow bone marrow stores fat in some spongy bone
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Periosteum is located on the outside of bone (osseous) tissue and contains two different layers and does these two functions.
- Outer, fibrous layer and an inner, cellular layer
- Isolates bone, but also provides route for blood supply and bone growth/repair
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Endosteum which is located on the inside of bone (osseous) tissue countains these three different types of cells and covers two different parts of the bone.
- Osteoblasts
- Osteoprogenitor cells
- Osteoclasts
- Incomplete cellular layer lining marrow cavity and covering trabeculae of spongy bone
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- 1. Circumferential lamellae
- 2. Canaliculi
- 3. Osteocyte in lacuna
- 4. Perforating fibers
- 5. Cellular layer of periosteum
- 6. Fibrous layer of periosteum
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- 1. Endosteum
- 2. Osteoclast
- 3. Bone matrix
- 4. Osteocyte
- 5. Osteoprogenitor cell
- 6. Osteoid
- 7. Osteoblast
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What is ossification? What are the two different types of ossification?
- Replacing other tissues with bone
- Endochondral ossification = most common, ossifies bones that originate as hyaline cartilage
- Intramembranous ossification
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This type of ossification produces dermal bones such as mandible (lower jaw) and clavicle (collarbone).
Intramembranous ossification
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Intramembranous ossification involves what kind of process and cells?
The mesenchymal cells aggregate, differentiate into osteoblasts, and begin the ossification process. The bone expands as a series of spicules that spread into surrounding tissues trapping blood vessels within the bone and converting it into spongy bone.
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Remodeling is what the adult skeleton does to maintain and renew old worn out bone but requires what two things to happen and how do those two processes contribute?
- Exercise: puts stress on bones making them thicker and stronger. Inactivity can VERY quickly result in decreased bone mass.
- Nutrition: bone deposition requires dietary sources like calcium and phosphate salts and a small amount of other minerals. Vitamins D3, C, A, K, and B12.
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Which hormones does our body use to stimulate bone growth and it what ways do they achieve their goal?
- Growth hormone and thyroxine stimulate bone growth
- Estrogens and androgens stimulate osteoblasts
- Calcitoninand parathyroid hormone regulate calcium and phosphate levels
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Fractures are repaired in four steps, name the four steps.
- 1. Bleeding - clot/hemotoma
- 2. Cells of the endosteum and periosteum from callus
- 3. Osteoblasts - replace callus w/ spongy bone
- 4. Osteoblasts and osteocytes remodel the fracture for up to a year.
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What are the general classifiications of fractures?
- Compound (open) vs. Simple (closed) = based on whetheer bone ends penetrate the skin
- Displaced vs. Nondisplaced = based on whether bone ends retain normal alignment
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