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Preoperational Stage
too young to perform mental operations
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Egocentrism
inability to take another person's view
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Concrete Operational Stage
- children can now perform mental operations and understand their reversability only with concrete examples
- they can apply logic only to objects, situations, or events likely to be real
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Formal Operations
now children can work logically with abstract concepts
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Attachment
the emotional bond between children and caregivers
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everyone gets attached to some sort of caregiver
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Attachment Theory
- the caregiver provides a secure base from which the infant can explore the world
- the caregiver also provides a safe haven during times of distress
- the security, or lack of it, may shape the individuals personality and close relationship for life
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Fearful Avoidance
high avoidance and high anxiety
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Preoccupied
low avoidance and high anxiety
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Dismissing Avoidance
high avoidance and low anxiety
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Secure
low avoidance and low anxiety
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The Strange Situation Experiment
- infant was exposed to situations of increasing anxiety
- what is measured is the babys reactions to the seperation from the mother and the reintroduction with her
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Secure Attachment
- 65%
- in mom's presence, explore with curiosity and boldness
- distressed when seperated
- delighted when reunited
- recovers quickly from distress once the mother returns
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Predictors of Secure Attachment
- sensitive and responsive parenting
- time spent with infant
- face to face interactions with the infant
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Avoidant Attachment
- 20%
- little distress at seperation
- little joy at reunion
- doesnt show love very expressively
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Predictors of Avoidant Attachment
rejecting or abusive parenting
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Resistant Attachment
- 10%
- very upset at seperation
- still upset and anxious at reunion
- behaves as though it cant get enough love
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Predictors of Avoidant Attachment
inconsistant parenting
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Infancy
- Trust vs. Mistrust
- Birth to age 1
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Early Childhood
- Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
- ages 1-3
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Play Age
- Initiative vs. Guilt
- ages 3-6
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School Age
- Industry vs. Inferiority
- ages 6-12
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Adolescence
- Identity vs. Identity Confusion
- ages 12-18
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Young Adulthood
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- ages 18-30
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Adulthood
- generativity vs. stagnation
- ages 30-60`
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Old Age
- integrity vs. despair
- ages 60 to death
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Things that change in the transition to adolescence
- physical body
- brain
- social relationships
- responsibilites and expectations
- identity
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Where does the most significant change in the neural system occur during adolescence?
prefrontal cortex
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Faith
- the relation of trust in and loyalty to the transcendant about which concept or beliefs are fashioned
- not the same thing as belief
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Stage 3
- synthetic conventional
- adolescence
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Stage 4
- Reflective
- young adulthood
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Stage 5
- conjunctive
- middle adulthood
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Stage 6
- universalizing
- middle age and beyond
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A disorder is not just extreme behaviors
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Disorders
extreme behaviors that hurt the ability to function well in the world
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The 3 D's that mark something as a disorder
- distress
- dysfunction
- deviance
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Anxiety Disorders
- anxiety that is so intense or so frequent that it causes serious problems
- many types
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
- OCD
- Panic Disorder
- Phobias
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- difficulty controlling worry
- restlessness
- easily fatigued
- concentration problems
- irritability
- muscle tension
- sleep disturbance
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