AP Lang & Comp

Using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the litera lmeaning

Repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words

ex: she sells seashells

A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place,or work of art.

The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage

A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them

The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.

The opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.

A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle.

A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction.

The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.

Maain point is at the beginning.

ex: We reached Edmonton that morning after a turbulent flight and someexciting experiences.

Loose sentence

Main point is at the end.

ex: That morning, after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences,we reached Edmonton.

Periodic sentence

• Contains two independent clauses that are joined by a coordinating conjunction or commas and semicolons.
• 
  ex: The saxophone does not belong to the brass family; in fact, it is amember of the woodwind family

ex: In the fall the war was always there, but we did not go to it any more.

Compound

Compound

One independent clause and one dependent clause.

ex: After the town was evacuated, the hurricane began.

ex: Town officials, who were very concerned, watched the storm.

Complex

Complex

Two or more independent clauses and at least onedependent clause.

ex: When small foreign imports began dominating the US automobileindustry, consumers were very responsive, but American auto workerswere dismayed.

Compound-Complex

Subordinate clauses come in the middle, set off by dashes orcommas.

ex: These had been her teachers, -- stern and wild ones, -- and they hadmade her strong….

One subject and one predicate.

ex: The price of gold rose. Stock prices may fall.

Simple

The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning.

The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color.

A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generallyunpleasant word or concept.

A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement.

(1) verbal irony – when the words literally state the opposite of the writer’s (or speaker’s) meaning

(2) situational irony – when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters andreaders think ought to happen is not what does happen

(3) dramatic irony – when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known tothe reader, audience, or other characters in the work.

A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying itsopposite.

ex: “Not a bad idea,” “Not many,” “It isn’t very serious. I have thistiny little tumor on the brain”

A figure of speechin which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.

ex: “the White House declared” rather than “the President declared”

A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.

ex: buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur

Figure of speech wherein the author groups apparentlycontradictory terms to suggest a paradox.

ex: “jumbo shrimp” and “cruel kindness”

A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection containssome degree of truth or validity.

ex: “It was the best of times, it wasthe worst of times....”

The grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structuralsimilarity.

• First person- narrator tells the story with the first person pronoun, “I,” and is a character in the story. This narratorcan be the protagonist, a secondary character, or an observing character.
• Third person- narrator relates the events with the third person pronouns, “he,” “she,” and “it.”.
• Omniscient- in which the narrator, with godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions ofany or all characters

• Argumentation
• Persuasive
• Description
• Narration

A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule.

A figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole.

ex: to refer to a car as “wheels”

Establishes a clear, contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing them, often in parallel structure.

• ex: That's one small step for a man, one
• giant leap for
• mankind.

Repeats the last word of one phrase, clause, or sentence at or very near the beginning of the next.

ex: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.

Forms the counterpart to anaphora, because the repetition of the same word or words comes at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences.

• ex: And all the night he did nothing but
• weep Philoclea, sigh Philoclea, and
• cry out Philoclea.

Similar vowel sounds repeated in successive or proximate words containing different consonants.

ex: A city that is set on a hill cannot be hid.

Omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses.

The use of a conjunction between each word, phrase, or clause, and is thus structurally the opposite of asyndeton.

Placing close together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast.

Antimetabole

Asyndeton

Contains information about the someone or something that is the subject.

ex: My friend and I both have a dog named Spot.

Simple

Simple

Compound

Compound

Complex

Complex

Compound-Complex

Compound-Complex

Fragment sentences are unfinished sentences, i.e. they don't contain a complete idea.

ex: She got angry and shouted at the teacher. Which wasn't a very good idea.

"After falling asleep on the sofa."

"all truth"

"their"