Psychology Ch. 11 and 14

Events that cuase a stress reaction

The term used to describe physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging

The effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors

The effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being

States that how people think about a stressor determines, at least in part, how stressful taht stresssor will become

The first step in assessing a stress which involves estimating the severity of a stressor and classifying it as either a threat or a challenge

The second step in assessing a threat, which involeves estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor

An unpredictable, large-scale event that creates a tremendous need to adapt and adjust as well as overwhelming feelings of threat

cause stress by requiring adjustment

Assessment that measures the amount of stress ina person's life over a one-year period resluting from major life events

Assessment that measures the amount of stress in a college student's life over a one-year period resulting from major life events

• The daily annoyances of everyday life

The psychological experience produced by urgent demands or expectations for a person's behavior that come from an outside source

The degree of control that the person has over a particular event or situation. The less control a person has, the greater degree of stress

The psychological experience produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a percieved need

Psychological experience of being pulled toward or drawn to two or more desires or goals, only one which may be attained

Actions meant to harm or destroy (from frustration)

Taking out one's frustrations on some less threatening or more available target, a form of displacement

Leaving the presence of a stressor, either literally or by a psychological withdrawal into fantasy, drug abuse, or apathy.

Conflict occuring when a person must choose between two desirable goals

Conflict occuring when a person must choose between two undesirable goals

Conflict occuring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects

Conflict in wich the person must decide between two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects

Conflict in which the person must decide between more than two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects

responds to stressful events

Restores the body to normal functioning after the stress has ceased

The three stages of the body's physiological reaction to stress, including alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

The study of the effects of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thoughts, and behavior ont he immune system

Person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hard working, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger as well as being easily annoyed

Person who is relaxed and laid-back, less driven and competitive than type a, and slow to anger

Pleasant but repressed person, who tends to interalize his or her anger and anxiety and who finds expressing emotions difficult

A person who seems to thrive on stress but lacks the anger and hositlity of the type a personality

Negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a reslut of prolonged stress or frustration

Stress resulting from th eneed to change and adapt a person's ways to the majority culture

• Integration
• Assimilation
• Separation
• Marginalization

The network of family, friends, neighbors, coworkers, and others who can offer support, comfort, or aid to a person in need

Actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors

Coping strategies that try to eliminate the source of a stress or reduce its impact through direct actions

Coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor

Unconscious distorions of a person's preception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety

Psychological denfense mechanism in which the person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation

Psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind

Psychological defense mechanism in wich a person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior

Psychological defense mechanism in wich unaccpetable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as origniation with someone else, usually the target of the impulses or feelings

Psychological defense mechanism in wich a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way he or she really feels to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others

Redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one

Psychological defense mechanism in wich a person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations

Defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety

Defense mechanism in wich a person makes up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another area

Channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior

Mental series of exercises meant to refocuse anntention and achieve a trancelike state of consciousness

Form of meditation in which ap erson focuses the mind on some repetitive or unchanging stimulus so that the mind can be cleared of disturbing thoughts and the body can experience relaxation

form of meditation in wich a person attempts to become aware of everything in immediate conscious experience, or an expansion of consciousness

Cutting holes in a persons head to let the evil spirits out

The study of abnormal behavior

any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life

• Statistically rare
• Deviant from social norms
• Subjective discomfort
• Maladaptive

The social or enviromental setting of a person's behavior

Emotional distress or emotional pain

Anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life

Model of explaining behavior as cuased by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body

Assume that abnormal behavior stems from repressed conflicts and urges that are fighting to become conscious

See abnormal behavior as learned

See abnormal behavior as coming from irrational beliefs and illogical pattorns of thought

The need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place

Disorders found only in particular cultures

Diagnostic and statistical manual, version IV, text revision

Clinical disorders, personality disorders, general medical conditions, psychosocial and enviromental problems, and a global assessment of functioning

one-fifth

Disorders in wich the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness

Anxiety that is unrelated to any realistic, known source

An irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity

Fear of interacting with others or being in social situations tha tmight lead to a negative evaluation

Fear of objects or specific situations

Fear of heights

Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible

Disorder in wich panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty in adjusting to daily life

Sudden onset of intense panic inw ich multiple physical sympots of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying

Fear of leaving one's familiar surroundings becuase one might have a panic attack in public

Disorder in wich a person has feelings of dread and impending doom along with physical symptoms of stress, wich lasts six months or more

Explanations point to repressed urges and desires that are trying to come into conscious, creating anxiety that is controlled by the abnormal behavior

State that disordered behavior is learned through both postitive and negative reinforcement

• Believe that excessive anxiety comes from illogical, irrational thought processes
• Magnification, All-or-nothing thinking, overgeneralization, minimization

The tendency to interpret situations as far mor dangerous, harmful, or important than they actually are

The tendency to believe that one's performance must be perfect or the result will be a total failure

The tendency to interpret a single negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat and failure

The tendency to give little or no importance to one's successes or positive events and traits

Chemical imbalances in the nervous system, in particular serotonin and GABA systems

Disorders that tkae the form of bodily illnesses and symptoms but for which there are no real physical disorders

Disorder in which psychological stress causes a real physical disorder of illness

Modern term for psychosomatic disorder

Somatoform disorder in which the person is terrified of being sicka nd owrries constantly, going to doctors repeatedly, and becoming preoccupied with every sensation of the body

Somatoform disorder in which the person dramatically complains of a specific symptom such as nausea, difficult swallowing, or pain for which there is no real physical cause

Somatoform disorder in wich the person experiences a specific symptom in the somatic nervous system's functioning, such as paralysis, numbness, or blindness, for which there is no physical cause. (Glove anesthesia)

Explanations of somatoform disorders assume that anxiety is turned into a physical symptom

Explanations point to the negative reinforcement experienced with the "ill" person escapes unpleasant situations such as combat

Explanations assume that poeple magnify their physical symptoms and normal bodily changes into ailments out of irrational fear

Disorders in wich there is a break in in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity, or some combination

Dissociative disorder in wich a person feels detached and disconnected from themselves, their bodies, and their surroundings

Explanations point to repression of memories, seeing dissociation as a defense mechanism against anxiety

Explanatinos see dissociatve disorders as a kind of avoidance learning

Explanations point to lower than normal activity levels in the areas responsible for body awareness in people with dissociative disorders

in psychology, an emotional reaction

Disorder in wich mood is severly disturbed

A moderate depression that lasts for two years or more and is typically a reaction to some external stressor

Disorder that consists of mood swings from moderate depression to hypomania and lasts two years or more

Severe depression that comes on suddently and seems to have no external cause

Having the quality of excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability

Severe mood swings between major depressive episodes and manic episodes

Theories see depression as anger at authority figures from childhood turned inward on the self

Theories link depression to learned helplessness

Theories see depression as the result of distorted, illogical thinking

Explanations of mood disorders look at the function of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine systems in the brain

Severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality

The break away from an ablitiy to percieve what is real and what is fantasy

Symptoms of schizophrenia that are excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior; hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking

False beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness

A psychotic disorder in which primary symptom is oen or more delusions (may or may not be schizophrenia)

False sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exist

Symptoms of schizophrenia that are less than normal behavior or an absence of normal behavior; poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production

A lack of emotional responsiveness

type of schizophrenia in wich behavior is bizarre and childish and thinking, speech, and motor actions are very disordered

Type of schizophrenia in wich the person experiences periods of statue-like immobility mixed with occasional bursts of energetic, frantic movement and talking

Type of schizophrenia in wich the person suffers from delusions of persecution, grandeur, and jealousy, together with hallucniations

type of schizophrenia in wich the person shows no particular pattern, shifting from one pattern to another, and cannot be neatly classified as disorganized, paranoid, or cataonic

Type of schozophrenia in which there are no delusions and hallucinations, but the person still experiences negative thoughts, poor launguage skills, and odd behavior

Theories see schizophrenia as resulting froma severe breakdown of the ego, which has become overwhelmed by the demands of the id and results in childish, infantile behavior

Focus on how reinforcement, observational learning, and shaping affect the development of the behavioral symptoms of schozophrenia

Theorists see schizophrenia as severely irrational thinking

Explanations focus on dopaminel structural defects in the brain, and genetic influnences in schizophrenia

Explanation of disorder that ssumes a biological sensitivity, or vulnerablitity, to a certain dosorder will develop under the right conditions of enviromental or emotional stress

disorders in wich a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions

Disorder in wich a person has no morals or conscience and often behaves in an impulsive manner whitho0ut regard for the consequences of tha behavior

MAladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others

Blame an inadequte resolution to the Oedipal complex for personality disorders, stating that this results in a poorly developed superego

Theorists see personality disorders as a set of learned behavior that has become maladaptive- bad habits learned early on in life. Belief systems of the personality disordered person are seen as illogical

Explanations look at the lower that normal stress hormones in antisocial personality disordered persons as responsible for their low responsiveness to threatening stimuli

Disturbances in family communications and relationships, childhood abuse, neglect, overly strict parenting, overprotective parenting, and parental rejection

The use of lights to treat seasonal affective disorder or other disorders

Carl rogers

Acts on dopomine receptors antagonist to dopomine receptor

Selective seritonin reuptake inhibitor