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Air enters the nasal cavity of the respiratory system through the __.
nostrils
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The nasal cavity is divided by the midkline __.
nasal septum
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The nasal cavity mucosa has several functions. Its major functions are to __, __, and __ the incoming air. Mucous membrane-lined cavities called __ are found in several bones surrounding the nasal cavities. They make the skull less heavy and probably act as resonance chambers for __.
- cleanse
- warm
- moisten
- paranasal sinuses
- speech
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The passageway common to the digestive and respiratory systems, the __, is often referred to as the throat. It connects the nasal cavity with the __ below.
-
Reinforcement of the trachea with __ rings prevents its collapse during __ changes that occur during breathing. The fat that the rings are incomplete posteriorly allows a food bolus to bulge __ during its transport to the stomach.
- cartilage
- pressure
- anteriorly
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Within the larynx are the __, which vibrate with exhaled air and allow an individual to __.
-
What changes happen in the thorax when the diaphragm contracts (moves downward)?
- increases volume
- decreases pressure
- increases size of lungs
- air into kungs
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WHat happens when the diaphragm relaxes?
- the internal volume decreases
- pressure is increased
- the lung size decreases
- air flows out of lungs
-
period of breathing when air enters the lungs
inspiration
-
exchange of gases between the systemic capillary blood and body cells
internal respiration
-
alternate flushing of air into and out of the lugns
ventilation
-
exchange of gases between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood
external respiration
-
period of breathing when air exits the lungs
expiration
-
sudden inspiration, resulting from spasms of the diaphragm
hiccup
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a deep breath is taken, the glottis is closed, and air is forced out of the lungs agains the glottis; clears the lower respiratory passageways
cought
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a deep breath is taken, the glottis is closed, and air is forced out of the klungs against the glottis; clears the upper resp. passageways
sneeze
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increases ventilation of the lungs; may be initiated by a need to increase oygen levels in the blood
yawn
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All gas exchanges are made by __.
diffusion
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When substances pass in this manner, they move from areas of __ to areas of their __.
- higher concentration
- lower concentration
-
Thus, oxygen continually passes from the __ and tehn from the __.
- air of alveoli to capillary blood
- capillary blood to tissue cells
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Conversely, carbon dioxide moves from the __ and then to the __.
- tissue cells to capillary blood
- capillarly blood to alveolar air
-
From there it passes out of the body during expiration. As a result of such echanges, arterial blood tends to be __ and venous blood is__.
- carbon dioxide poor and oxygen rich
- oxygen poor and carbon dioxide rich
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Most oxygen is transported bound to __ inside the red blood cells. Conversely, most carbon dioxide is carried in the form of __ in the __. Carbon monoxide poisoning ins lethal because carbon monoxide competes with __ for binding sites.
- hemoglobin
- bicarbonate ions
- plasma
- oxygen
-
The infant's condition with surfactant is referred to as __.
respiratory distress syndrome
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__ is the entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere nad body cells.
respiration
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the __ tract organs are located outside of the thorax and consist of the nose, nasal cavity, and pharyn.
upper resp
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The __ tract organs are located within the thorax and consist of the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, nad lungs.
loewr resp
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The __ is a tube-like structure that extends from the nasal cavity to the esophagus and is the pathway for air and food.
pharnyx
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eThe trachea sits __ to the esophagus.
anterior
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The lower end of the trachea divides into __ which subdivides into __.
- two primary bronchi
- secondary bronchi
-
The __ lung ha three lobes and is therefore larger.
right
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