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What is neoplasia?
cancer
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What is cancer?
population of cells with rapid, uncontrolled growth
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What is malignant cancer?
cancer that spreads from the original site by infiltration or metastasis
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Referring to neoplasia, what does "infiltration" mean?
the cancer spreads from the original site by expanding into the surrounding tissue, the way a plant's roots spread through soil as it grows
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Referring to neoplasia, what does "metastasis" mean?
spread of cancer form its original site to another site, not directly in contact with original site. may be spread by blood, lymph, or by implantation (seeding)
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List the 4 types of cancer therapy.
- drugs - chemotherapy
- surgery
- radiation
- immue modulation
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Can combination of types of therapy be used?
yes
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What is chemotherapy?
- using drugs to treat cancer - antineoplastic drugs.
- the term loosely means treatment of any kind of condition with drugs, but is undertood nowadays to refer more specifically to cancer drug therapy.
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What is an oncologist?
a veterinarian or physician who specializes in cancer treatment
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What is the ideal goal of cancer therapy?
to completely cure the patient. to kill all neoplastic cells
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How often is the ideal goal of cancer therapy achieved?
not very
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What is the realistic goal of cancer therapy?
- to prolong remission or survival times
- to reduce tumore size, relieve pain, destroy microscopic metastases
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In general, how do antineoplastic drugs work against cancer cells?
interfere with the rapid growth of cancer cells
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Can antineoplastic drugs affect normal cells in the patient? Explain.
yes - can also affect normal rapidly dividing cells in the patient's body, such as bone marrow, GI tract, reproductive organs, and hair follicles. some of the adverse side effects of antineoplastic drugs are due to this effect
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List some of the adverse side effects of antineoplastic drugs.
- anaphylaxis
- immunosuppresion
- myelosuppression
- cariomyopathy
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- hair loss
- cystitis
- painful administration
- perivascular tissue damage
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Are antineoplastic drugs danergous to peoplep who handle them? What kinds of problems can occur?
yes - teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic
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What does "teratogenic" mean?
causes birth defects
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What does "mutagenic" mean?
causes genetic mutations, or changes in the DNA of cells
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What does "carcinogenic" mean?
causes cancer
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List 6 classifications of antineoplastic drugs.
- alkylating agents
- antimetabolites
- plant alkaloids
- antibiotics
- platinum drugs
- miscellaneous
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List 1 alkylating agent drug.
cyclophophamide - Cytoxan
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What adverse effects are associated with cyclophosphamide?
- neutropenia
- hemorrahgic cystitis
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List 3 antimetabolite drugs.
- methotrexate
- cytosine arabinoside (Cytosar - U)
- fluorouracil
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List 2 plant alkaloids.
- vincristine - Oncovin
- vinblastine - Velban
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What plant are they derived from?
periwinkle - Vinca roses
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List 1 antibiotic antineoplastic drugs.
doxorubicin - Adriamycin
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List 2 platinum drugs.
- cisplatin - Platinol
- caboplatin - Paraplatin
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List 2 miscellaneous antineoplastic drugs or drug categories.
- asparaginase - Elspar
- glucocorticoids
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How are glucocorticoid drugs helpful for cancer chemotherapy purposes?
- lympholytic - help to control neoplasms of the lymphatic system
- increase appetite and sense of well-being
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List 2 glucocorticoid drugs.
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What plants of flowers are these drugs derived from?
- atropine: deadly nightshade - Atropa belladonna
- opioids: opium poppy
- digitalis: foxglove - Digitalis purpura
- pyrethrins - chrysanthemum
- vinchristine and vinblastine - periwinke - Vinca rosea
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