CH8_development

Process by which the developing brain weeds out unnecessary neural connections

Refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life

In our effort to experience our lives in optimal ways, we develop _________ that involve activities, social relationships, and life goals

A __________ is any agent that causes a birth defect.

The preferential looking technique involves giving an infant a choice of

Refers to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations

As early as______, infants are already engaged in organized perception of faces and are able to put together sights and sounds.

During the first ____ of life, the dendrites of the neurons branch out, and the neurons become far more interconnected

The process of encasing axons with fat cells begins prenatally and continues after birth.

During childhood, synaptic connections

From 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the________, which are involved in planning and organizing new actions and in maintaining attention to tasks

Not only nature, but ____________ also promote brain development

Piaget believed that children _______ their cognitive world as they go through a series of stages

When individuals incorporate new information into existing knowledge

When individuals adjust their schemas to new information

People accommodate their _____ to the ____________

The first time a child realizes that she might suck her thumb, she is assimilating the category ____ into the schema of________.

Piaget's first stage, the _______________stage, lasts from birth to about 2 years of age.

Piaget's term for understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched

Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, lasts from approximately 2 to 7 years of age

Preschoolers cannot perform what Piaget called______, by which he meant mental representations that are “reversible.”

Belief in the permanence of certain attributes of objects despite superficial changes

Piaget's _____ stage (7 to 11 years of age) involves using operations and replacing intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations

Individuals enter the ____________ stage of cognitive development at 11 to 15 years of age.

Formal operational thought is more abstract and logical than

Renee Baillargeon documented that infants as young as 3 months of age know that

Vygotsky thought of children as __________ who develop as they interact in dialogue with more knowledgeable others

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding

The close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver.

Ainsworth describes this as how infants use the caregiver, usually the mother, as a secure base from which to explore the environment

a way to study differences in children's attachment

Another critique of attachment theory is that it may not account for

Development theory of the influential psychologist Erik Erikson

Lifespan mos 0-18: built when a baby's basic needs—such as comfort, food, and warmth—are met.

Lifespan 1.5-3: Children can develop either a positive sense of independence and autonomy or negative feelings of ___ / this is called

Lifespan 3 – 5: Social worlds widen; assume more self-responsibility, or show less, or feel anxious

Lifespan 6 – puberty: Chance to master knowledge and intellectual skills

Some reject Erikson because he:

Restrictive, punitive style of parenting

Parenting that encourages the child to be independent but still places limits and controls on behavior

Parenting showing lack of parental involvement in the child's life

Parenting with few limits on the child's behavior

Kohlberg's theory, based on punishments (stage 1) and rewards (stage 2)

Kohlberg's theory, individual abides by standards such as those learned from parents (stage 3) or society's laws (stage 4)

Kohlberg's theory, when the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then develops a personal moral code.

Kohlberg's theory is called a____ perspective because it focuses on the rights of the individual

Gilligan's (1982) approach to moral development, views people in terms of their connectedness with others

__________ can influence whether a person approaches a moral dilemma from the perspective of justice or care

Behavior that is intended to benefit other people

Age when children begin to show signs of early conscience development

Engaging in a conversation with someone and making a negative event that the person is going through seem even worse

A person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times