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The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do.

_____________ behavior is energized, directed, and sustained.

An innate (unlearned) biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species

Study of animal behavior

Sets instinct in motion

An aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need

Deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.

Psychologists think of ____ as underlying our _____

Theory that a drive becomes stronger, we are motivated to reduce it

Goal of drive reduction is _____________, the body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state

Theory that performance is best under moderate arousal rather than either low or high

Important factor in hunger, brain depends on it for energy

Sugar receptor in the brain does....

Sugar receptors in the liver...

The chemical substance released by fat cells, decreases food intake and increases metabolism

The ______ hypothalamus is involved in stimulating eating.

The ____________ hypothalamus is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating

Gene influencing some individuals do inherit a tendency to be overweight

The weight maintained when the individual makes no effort to gain or lose

Fat is stored in ___________ cells

Motivation for sexual behavior is centered in the

the __________ of the neocortex (located on the sides of the brain) are important to moderate sexual arousal and direct it to an appropriate object

Sex hormones that predominates in males, produced by the testes, and by adrenal glands in both males and females

Masters and Johnson identified a human sexual response pattern consisting of four phases

phase continuation and heightening of the arousal begun in the excitement phase

phase begins the process of erotic responsiveness.

phase in which blood vessels return to their normal state.

stereotyped patterns of expectancies for how people should behave sexually

Twin studies show that ____ do play a role in sexual orientation

Some studies suggest sexual orientation heritability as high as __ percent

Physiological needs, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization are all part of

the highest and most elusive of Maslow's needs, motivation to develop one's full potential

Self-determination theory asserts that there are three basic organismic needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy

Need met in self-determination theory, when we feel that we are able to bring about desired outcomes

________ motivation involves self-efficacy and mastery

organismic need described by self-determination theory, the need to engage in warm relations with other people

The third need proposed by self-determination theory, the sense that we are in control of our own life

Self-determination theory says that one of the most important aspects of healthy motivation is the sense that

____ motivation is based on internal factors such as organismic needs

__________ motivation involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments.

Process by which an organism effortfully controls behavior in order to pursue important objectives

One of the most important underlying problems in resisting temptation

_______ is feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal (such as a fast heartbeat), conscious experience (thinking about being in love with someone), and behavioral expression (a smile or grimace).

One aspect of emotional arousal is ______________ response, a rise in the skin's electrical conductivity when sweat gland activity increases.

The _________ monitors changes in the body—heart rate, breathing, and SCL—thought to be influenced by emotional states.

According to the James-Lange theory, emotion results from _____ triggered by ________ in the environment

According to James-Lange, you:
a. run away because you are afraid
b. you are afraid because you are running away

The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

The _________ houses circuits that are activated when we experience negative emotions

The ________ plays a central role in fear.

The brain circuitry that involves the emotion of fear can follow two pathways a direct pathway from the thalamus to the amygdala or an indirect pathway from the thalamus through the _________ to the amygdala

The direct pathway of fear: disadvantage & advantage:

Part of the reason fears are so difficult to change is that the amygdala is well connected to the cerebral cortex, in which___ and ____ ____ primarily

Physiological reason fear is hard to erase and emotions are hard to control:

T or F: the cerebral hemispheres work differently in positive and negative emotions
True False

Chemicals involved in positive emotions such as happiness

Bodily chemical regulates arousal

In the two-factor theory of emotion developed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer (1962), emotion is determined by two factors:

Schachter and Singer argued that we look to the external world for an explanation of why we are aroused.

Per Schachter and Singer, we interpret __________ and label the emotion

___________________ arousal still intensifies emotional experiences

Lazarus's belief that cognitive activity to be a precondition for emotion.

Lazarus said that we cognitively appraise ourselves and our____ _____.

Zajonc said_______ are primary, he said, and our ______ are a result of them.

Zajonc famously argued that “preferences need no inferences,” meaning:

Re thought and emotion, Lazarus and Zajonc are both right: Lazarus for _______ over ______, Zajonc about _________ or _____.

Hypothesis that facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them

Sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.

_____ of an emotion refers to whether it feels pleasant or unpleasant

Research has shown that emotions tend to go together based on their ___________

In valence, _____ ______ refers to emotions such as anger, guilt, and sadness.

In valence, _____ ______ refers to emotions such as joy, happiness, and interest.

Describes degree to which the emotion reflects being active, engaged, excited vs. passive, relatively disengaged, or calm

Independent dimensions that together describe a vast number of emotional states

Wheel of mood states is also called a

Barbara Fredrickson's modelthat the function of positive emotions lies in their effects on our attention and our ability to build resources

Characteristic that has been associated with the capacity to thrive during difficult times

The idea that any aspect of life that enhances our positive feelings is likely to do so for only a short period of time.