TRUE OR FALSE
Religion is defined in the text as belief based on conviction rather than on scientific evidence.
FALSE
The motto ________ is written on US money.
"In God We Trust"
A(n) _____ is an object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred.
totem
Holy communion is the central ____ of Christianity.
ritual
If people view marriage as ______ they are less likely to divorce
holy matrimony
According to the _______ approach, we turn to religion when we are threatened or face uncertainty.
symbolic-interaction
By defining God as a ____, societies use religious ideas to promote conformity
judge
The _______ says, among other things, that "As the church is subject to Christ, so let wives be subject in everything to their husbands".
New Testament
TRUE OR FALSE
A denomination is a church that exists independently and recognizes religious pluralism
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Liberation theology began in Roman Catholic Church, but Popes condemned it
TRUE
Spiritual beliefs in many Native American societies are _____, which explains their reverence for the natural environment
animistic
During the Industrial Revolution, people began to rely on ______ more than priests.
doctors and scientists
Which country responded with more "yes"'s to the question "do you gain comfor and strength from religion"
Mexico
A central idea of ______ is jen, placing moral principal above self-interest
confucianism
TRUE OR FALSE
Christianity was a marked departure from the Roman Empire's traditional atheism
FALSE
Followers of ____ have a higher birth rate than followers of any other religion. May be the dominant religion in the future
Islam
Followers of Islam are called __________
Muslims
_______ is a quasi-religious loyalty linking people in a secular society.
Civil religion
In a 2006 survey _____ of Americans said they are Jewish
1.7%
Charles Darwin states that _________.
humanity evolved from lower forms of life over a billion years
More than half of US adults identify themselves as ________.
Protestant
Scholars claim that the church is the oldest and most important to the ______ community
African American
______ of people raised Catholic have left the Catholic church about the same number of others have became catholics
one-third
Galileo's work was banned because ________.
he siad the Earth orbited around the sun
TRUE OR FALSE
A core value of New Age seekers is transcendence, an ability to rise above the immediate physical world
TRUE
According to the _______ approach, religion contributes social cohesion to the operation of society.
structural-functional
In pratical terms, linking the church and the state means that the government amounts to _______.
opposing the church
The Reformation leader preached the doctrine of ______.
predestination
The Amish community is one example of a North American _____ that isolates itself.
sect
The conception of God as a _____ arose because many religions began among pastrol peoples.
shepherd
_________ is the most widespread of the world's religions.
christianity
The followers of _______ strive to reach a state of peace through meditation
Buddhism
A distinctive concept of Judaism is the _______
covenant
TRUE OR FALSE
Buddhism originated about 4,500 years ago.
FALSE
In 2008, ____ of first year college students claimed no religion
7%
Researchers identify five characteristics of religious fundamentalism, including ________.
pursuit of a personal experience of God's presence
Baptists in the US tend to be in the ______.
Southeast
A _____ is a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important
race
More than a centruy ago, scientists invented the term _____ to describe the "race" of people with yellow or brown skin and distinctive folds on the eyelids.
Mongoloid
_____ is a shared cultural heritage
ethnicity
A _____ is any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates
minority
Outside of northern New England, the state with the lowest percentages of minorities are _______.
Iowa and West Virginia
A simplified description applied to every person in some category is a _______.
stereotype.
In the most recent Bogardus Social Distance study, the ______________ may have reduced social acceptance of Muslims and Arabs among college students.
terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001
TRUE OR FALSE
The United States federally mandated minimum wage, as of 2009, was $7.25 per hour.
TRUE
The social-distance scale is a method of measuring _____
prejudice
A ______ is a person or category of people, typically with little power, whom people unfairly blaime for their own troubles
scapegoat
People with authoritorian personalities view society as ______
competitive and hierarchical
_______ is the unequal treatment of various categories of people
discrimination
Prejudic and discrimination can form ______, thereby perputrating each other
a vicious cycle
TRUE OR FALSE
Prejudice refers to behavior or actions, whereas discrimination refers to attitudes.
FALSE
The United States is ______ to the extent that all people have equal standing under the law
pluralism
Biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories is know as ______
miscegenation
______ is a daily experience for about 20% of poor African Americans living in the United States
Hypersegregation
In the late 1800s, _______ children were taken from their families and relocated in boarding schools to be resocialized as Americans
American Indians
TRUE OR FALSE
According to the 2008 Census Bureau data, white Anglo-Saxon Protestants are concentrated in the upper class levels in our society
FALSE
_______ was the foundation of the southern colonies plantation system in the early years of US history
Slavery
So-called Jim Crow laws were classic examples of _______.
institutional discrimination
People of ____ ancestry make up the largest category of Asian Americans in America
Chinese
During WWII, _______ were relocated to military camps until the end of WWII
Japanese Americans
The largest concentration of Hispanic Americans in the US can be found in the _____
Southwest
TRUE OR FALSE
In greater Phoenix, almost half the people are Latino.
FALSE
Of all Hispanics, ______ are most likely to speak Spanish in their homes.
Cubans
The largest populations of Arab Americans have ancestral ties to ______
Lebanon
In the early 20th century, many white ethnics established themselves in certain business; for example, the garment industry was predominantly ______
Jewish
Today's immigrants to the United States mostly come from ______
Latin America and Asia
The term xenophobia means ________
fear of what is strange
Researchers estimate that of the 10 million Africans transported to the Americas as slaves, about _____ came to the US
400,000
______ theory claims that some prejudice is found in everyone.
Culture
The word Arab refers to ______
an ethnic category
Theodor Adorno and his colleagues proposed the _____ theory to explain the existance of prejudice
authoritarian personality
On the social distance scale the number 7 stands for ________
"I would bar from my country"
The _____ administration devised affirmitive actions programs to provide broader opportunities to qualified minorities
Kennedy
According to Census Bureau maps, which of the following racial/ethnic groups is relatively evenly represent throughout the US
Arab Americans
TRUE OR FALSE
Race is constructed from cultural traits, whereas ethnicity is constructed from biological traits
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE
White ethnics are non-WASPS by virtue of their cultural heritage being non-Anglo-Saxon and/or Protestant
TRUE
Chinese immigration to the US began in ________.
1849 with the California glod rush
Which category of Asian Americans had the highest rate of poverty in 2007?
Chinese Americans
When comparing US college students who took the social distance test in 1925 and 1977 with those who took the test in 2001; "acceptance of ______" moved from near the botton to the top
African Americans
______ theory holds that prejudice springs from frustration among people who are themselves disadvantaged.
Scapegoat
The _____ theory proposes that prejudice is used as a tool by the powerful to oppress others
conflict
TRUE OR FALSE
In 1917 Congress passed Jones Act to make Puerto Ricans as citizans and US territory
TRUE
As Raina Kelley wrote in Newsweek in February 2009, biracial couples can struggle with _______
identifying the reace of their children
In 1994, _____ passed a law denying health care, social services and public education to illegal immigrants later overturned
California
The ____ model of interaction among racial and ethnic categories describes the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture
assimilation
in 1848, women were denied the right to vote in the US, reflecting _______.
C. the cultural attitudes of the time
In ____, one of the goals of the kibbutz is gender equaltiy.
D . Norway
B. Israel
Preindustrial societies usually assign the roles of hunter and child-care provider based on the ____ differences between women and men.
B. physica.
Most girls growing up in ____ enjoy most of the rights and opportunities that are available to boys.
B. Norway
In the past, people in the United States typically described women as ____
B. emotional
Boys typically favor the activity of ____
D. team sports that have winners and losers
Historically, advertisements have shown women _____
B. using home-cleaning products
Over the years, women competing in beauty pageants have become _____.
B. thinner
Most women in the US work force are supervised by _____.
A. a man
Of the 25 highest-paid executives in the US, _____ of them are male.
D. all
In 2007, for every dollar earned by men women earned about ____.
B. 78 cents
Which of the following is NOT a reason for the gender disparity in US incomes?
D. community involvement
In 1981, ____ made history as the first woman to be appointed to the US Supreme Court.
D. Sandra Day O'Connor
In general in the US, the ___ states have the lowest percentage of state legislators who are women.
D. southern
sexual violence against women is fundamentally about ___
D. power
the practice of female genital mutilation is common across __.
D. Africa
Because pornography plays a part in gender stratification, it is considered by many to be a ____ issue.
A. power
The structural-functional theorists view gender as _____.
B. a means to organize social life
The symbolic-interaction theory holds that women, who have less power, are expected to be _____.
C. deferential to men
The use of contraception by marrie women of childbearing age is highest in ______.
C. china
The Equal Rights Amenment to the US Constitution was first proposed in Congress in 1923 and it _____.
A. has yet to beome law
Liberal feminists think that women should advance according to their own efforts, rather than working collectively for change.
a. true
b. false
a. true
Only ____ feminism accepts the basic order of society as it is.
B. liberal
Because ____ has given us greater control over reproduction, women's lives are less constrained by unwanted pregnancies.
B. birth control technology
The nature of work outside the home has shifted to jobs that require ____, which has leveled th eplaying field for women and men.
D. thought and imagination
____, President Franklin Roosevelt's scretary of labor, was the first woman to be appointed to a presidential cabinet.
A. frances perkins
The occupation that has the highest percentage of women is ____.
A. dental hygienist
One of the factors that have given rise to more women in the US workforce is _____.
B. a rising divorce rate
What fact makes people hopeful that social change will continue to improve the lives of US women in the 21st century?
A. More women are assuming positions of power in the US corporate and political worlds
As of 2008, _____ separated the current world marathon records for women and men.
D. 11 minutes
One of the states with the highest share of legislative seats held by women is _____.
B. minnesota
According to Parsons, society prepares boys for the labor force by stressing the ____ personality qualities.
D. instrumental
feminists propose a ____, by which all individuals can develop all human traits.
B. reintegration of humanity
The term ____ refers to comments, gestures, or physical contacts of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome.
A. sexual harrasment
___ is too variable across cultures to be a simple expression of biology.
C. gender
In the text, Sascha Radetsky tells the story about how he has been discriminated against because of his choice to become a ____.
A. ballet dancer
In 1848, women in much of the US could not ____.
D. own property or keep their earnings
Female nurses assisting male doctors, and female secretaries working for male executives, are just two examples of ____.
A. gender stratification
In ____ societies, women have little control over pregnancy and childbirth, which limits their opportunities.
A. preindustrial
Just as oppression of racial and ethnic minorities benefits whites, the traditional ideas about gender benefit ____.
B. men
Three studies cited in the text show that societies define ____ very differently.
A. masculine and feminine
From birth until death, ____ shapes human feelings, thoughts, and actions.
B. gender
The term ____ refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between women and men.
A. gender stratification
The social organization fo the Musuo, a small society in China's Yunnan province, is _____.
B. matriarchy
The justification for patriarchy is ____.
B. sexism
Richard Gelles argues that with the exception of the police and the military, the ___ is the most violent organization in the US.
C. family
Historically, women in product advertisements appear ____.
a. lying down (usually on sofas and beds)
b. with confident facial expressions
c. fully dressed in business attire
d. taller than men
a . lying down (usually on sofas and beds)
Society teaches women to measure their worth in terms of _____.
D. physical beauty
Society teaches women to measure their worth in terms of _____.
B. physcial beauty
_____ is one of the basic organizing principles of everyday life.
A. gender
In 2007, the highest paid five percent of US families earned at least ____.
D. $197,000
The richest 20% of all Americans hold ____ of all the country's wealth.
A. 85%
____ are important sources of power.
C. income and wealth
Most of the lowest prestige jobs are performed by _____.
B. people of color
____ affects both occupation and income.
A. schooling
People of ____ ancestry have always enjoyed the most wealth and the greatest power in the US society.
A. english
Of the following occupations, which enjoys the greatest prestige?
B. electrician
Especially toward the ___ of the class hierarchy in America, people's standing in one dimension of status may not be the same as in another dimension of status.
B. middle
Karl Marx would refer to the core of the upper class as ____.
D. capitalists
In the tradition of European aristocrats, the children of the upper-uppers tend to study _____.
B. liberal arts
The lower-uppers are sometimes called ______.
a. the second-class rich
b. social climbers
c. wannabes
d. the working rich
the working rich
The ____ often play an important role in local political affairs.
B. upper-middles
In Marxist terms, the ____ class forms the core of the proletariat.
B. working
On average, ____ people live longer and receive better health care.
B. rich
Class shapes the division of family responsibilities, with most ____ couples maintaining more traditional gender roles.
C. working class
Between 1980 and 2007, the richest 20% of families enjoyed a 58% jump in annual income, while the 20% of families with ____ saw only a 4.6% increase.
A. the lowest income
The author of the Newsweek article reprinted in the text suggests that we may have seen the end of ____ in the United States.
B. upward mobility
Historically, who have had the greatest opportunity for upward social mobility in the US?
D. white men
The global reorganization of work has created upward social mobility for ____.
C. educated people
The text examines ____ different views about the causes of poverty in America.
D. two
Anthropologist Oscar Lewis coined the phrase ____, which is meant to describe a lower-class subculture that can destroy people's ambitions to improve their lives.
C. culture of poverty
William Julius Wilson holds that the best way to reduce poverty in America is to ensure _____.
A. more jobs
Poor families who turn to public assistance typically receive about ____ per month.
A. $400
An estimated ____ are homeless in America at some time during the course of a year.
B. 750,000
Approximately ____ of the homeless people in America are mentally ill.
A. 1/4
A Harvard professor who conducted research in a poor area in Chicago concluded that ____ was the primary reason for the decline of the neighborhood.
B. lack of jobs
In one of the text's "Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life" boxes, a Harvard professor recommends that the government pay people in inner cities to clean up the slums and put up new housing as a first step toward moving people from welfare to work. Such a plan is modeled after the ____ created during the Great Depression.
B. works progress administration
One view of the cause of poverty discussed in the book is that ____ are to blame for poverty in America.
C. the poor
In 2007, the richest 20% of American families received 47% of all income, and the poorest 20% earned ____.
D. 4%
The occupations that rank highest in prestige are dominated by ____.
B. men
The term ____ refers to the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor in the United States.
A. feminization of poverty
The term ____ refers to the upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents.
C. intergenerational social mobility
The author of the Newsweek article reprinted in the text proposes that ____ will be the "major dividing line" in America in the future.
B. class
Average family income in the US grew rapidly ____.
C. between 1950 and 1970
Karl Marx divides society into ____major classes.
D. three
Comparing only families headed by married couples, African Americans ____ as much as non-Hispanic white families in 2007.
D. 80%
Social mobility since the 1970s has been ____.
B. uneven
Defining classes in US society is difficult because of our relatively low ____.
D. status consistency
Inequality in the US is ____.
a. greater than many people imagine
b. not as prevalent as many people imagine
c. not much of a problem anymore
d. problematic for only a few ethnic groups
a. greater than many people imagine
The media income for families in the US is around ____.
A. 60,000
Nothing affects social standing in the US more than ____.
B. the family into whcih you are born
The highest percentage of poor people in America today are ___.
D. children
Women generally suffer more than men after divorce because women ____.
C. frequently lose income and insurance coverage
Many people think of the US as a(n) ____ society.
C. middle-class
Which of the following has usually contributed to upward social mobility?
D. earning a college degree
In one of the "Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life" stories, the writer noticed that as the CEOs got richer, the building of ____ returned.
A. mansions
US families in the upper class earn at least ____ a year.
D. 197,000
The term ____ refers to the lack of resources of some people when compared to those who have more.
D. relative poverty
Which of the following occupations enjoy the highest prestige?
C. aircraft mechanic
Members of the ___ class typically work at jobs like bank manager, high school teacher, government office worker, electrician, and carpenter.
A. average-middles
Which of the following is one of the four principles on which social stratification is based?
D. social stratification involves not just inequality but beliefs as well
Different societies have different explanations of why people should be unequal.
a. true
b. false
a. true
Caste systems are ____.
A. based on birth
The caste system that was prevalent in ____ until the 1990s was called apartheid.
A. south africa
The law of ____ prevented aristocrats' vast landholdings from being divided by heirs when they died.
D. primogeniture
Roughly 1/4 of the British people are in the middle class.
a. true
b. false
a. true
In aristocratic Japan, the emperor ruled by divine right
a. true
b. false
a. true
Today, Japanese society consists of classes that are not clear to most Japanese, and many people move between classes over time.
a. true
b. false
a. true
What term do sociologists use to describe a shift in the social position of large numbers of people due to changes in society itself?
C. structural social mobility
Chinese Communist party leader Mao Zedong's declaring all types of work to be equally important had the effect of greatly reducing economic inequality.
a. true
b. false
a. true
Economic inequality in China has increased in recent years, so that it is now about the same as in the United States.
a. true
b. false
b. false
A set of cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality, is known as ____.
B. ideology
More than in most societies, ____ links social standing to personal abilities.
B. the united states
There is little disagreement that in the United States, rewards are a fair reflection of the contribution someone makes to society.
a. true
b. false
a. true
The Davis-Moore thesis highlights how special inequality promotes conflict and revolution.
a. true
b. false
b. false
Today, most large companies are owned by _____.
B. millions of stockholders
In 1990, when Andrew Carnegie earned about $20 million a year, the average worker earned about ______ a year.
B. 550
Lower-prestige jobs that involve mostly manual labor are called ____ occupations.
D. blue-collar
Ralf Dahrendorf suggested that workers today are more secure than a century ago because of government safety regulations, unemployment insurance, disability protection, and Social Security.
a. true
b. false
a. true
In the US 35% percent of all privately owned property is in the hands of ____ of the population.
D. 12 %
Industrialization and the development of capitalism eliminate traditional rankings based on birth, but they also create striking financial inequality.
a. true
b. false
a. true
Which theoretical perspective believes that stratification is a system of unequal rewards that benefits society as a whole?
C. structural-functional approach
____ refers to buying and using products because of the "statement" they make about social position.
B. conspicuous consumption
People's social standing affects their everyday interactions; this is why a micro-level analysis of social stratification is important.
a. true
b. false
a. true
While agrarian advances in technology tend to decrease inequality, industrialization tends to increase it.
a. true
b. false
b. false
According to a 2008 World Bank publication, which of the following nations falls into the category of "severe income inequality"?
D. the US
Income inequality is decreasing in the US as the information Revolution moves forward.
a. true
b. false
b. false
Hernstein and Murray's book, The Bell Curve, focuses on the theory that intelligence is primarily environmentally derived.
a. true
b. false
b. false
Karl Marx advocated social-conflict analysis, which holds that people should not share resources equally.
a. true
b. false
b. false
One argument against the Davis-Moore thesis is that we tend to underestimate the importance of work that is not oriented toward making money.
a. true
b. false
a. true
In terms of income inequality around the worl, the United States is in the same category as _____.
A. argentina and venezula
According to Hernstein and Murray's book the bell curve, in today's society ____.
A. the "cognitive elite" are perpetuating themselves from one generation to the next
Max Weber claimed that social stratification involved three distinct dimensions of inequality. The first demsension is the one that was crucial to Karl marx; weber viewed it as a continuum that ranged from high to low. this demension is ____.
D. class position
Max Weber thought of classes as _____.
A. a continuum ranging from high to low
South Africa today is a country dominated by caste through enforcement of its system of apartheid, or separtation of the races.
a. true
b. false
b. false
A pure meritocracy _____.
B. has never existed
As the Industrial Revolution expanded England's economy, there was more emphasis on all of the following EXCEPT _____.
D. there was greater emphasis on meritocracy
In medieval France, the hereditary nobility was known as the _______.
A. second estate
In Japan today, _____.
D. women and men are equal under the law
In India's caste system, farming is ______.
A. open to everyone
Sociologists refer to ____ as a composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality.
A. socioeconomic status
Structural social mobility is defined as a shift in the social position of large numbers of people _____.
C. due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts
Which of the following is true with regard to social stratification?
B. social stratification exists in many, but not all, societies around the world.
The idea that social inequality plays a vital role in the smooth operation of society is consistent with the structural-functional approach.
a. true
b. false
a. true
In the UK today, the middle class comprises roughly half the population.
a. true
b. false
b. false
A(n) _____ is defined by social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement.
A. class system
A major reason that social hierarchies endure is _____, which is defined as a set of cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality.
D. ideology
Which statement about modern Japan is true?
A. family background is very important in determining social standing
The Kuznets curve is a useful method of predicting future trend in individual societies.
a. true
b. false
b. false
Criticisms of Hernstein and Murray's book The bell Curve include the argument that ______.
B. most researchers who study intelligence conclude that only 25 to 40 percent of it is inherited
In terms of levels of analysis, which theoretical perspect fair?
A. structural- functional approach
According to the ____ approach, stratification is a factor that guides people's interactions in everyday life.
C. symbolic-interaction
John D. Rockefeller was a proponent of ____, in that he believed that the growth of corporations and wealth of their owners was the result of "the survival of the fittest".
B. herbert spencer
The program of perestroika was _____.
C. introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev to generate economic growth in the USSR
_____ broke sumbolic "color lines" by singing in the White House in 1936 and on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial to a crowd of almost 100,000 people in 1939.
