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What is a Vascular System?
Specialized strands of hollow cells that form pipeline
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What does the vascular system work as?
A plumbing system
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What did the first plants not have?
A vascular system
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How were materials transported in the first cells and how did they affect them?
By osmosis and diffusion, limited the maximum size of the plant body
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What two living plants completely lack a vascular system?
Phyla, liverworts and hornworts
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Where do you find liverworts and hornworts?
Hard to find, grow in moist, shady places
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What mosses have specialized conducting cells to distribute water and carbohydrates throughout the plants?
phylum Bryophyta
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What do the mosses phylum Bryophyta have?
Specialized conducting cells to distribute water and carbohydrates throughout the plant
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What make up vascular tissue?
Conducting strands composed of specialized conducting cells that distribute water and carbohydrates throughout the plant
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What is vascular tissue in mosses made up of?
Conducting cells that lack thickened walls
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What does the moss sporophyte consist of?
A bare stalk that supports a spore capsule (sporangium) in which haploid spores are produced by meiosis
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What is a sporangium?
A spore capsule where meiosis takes place
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What are the 3 features that all vascular plants are distinguished by?
- Dominant sporophyte
- Specialized conducting tissue
- Distinctive body form
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What is meant by the dominant sporophyte feature?
The life cycles of vascular plants are dominated by a diploid sporophyte that is much larger than the gametophyte
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What is meant by the specialized conducting tissue feature?
Two types of conducting tissue consist of strands of elongated cells that occur end to end like sectins of pipe
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What are the two types of specialized conducting tissue?
Soft walled cells (phloem) and Hard walled cells (xylem)
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What do soft walled cells do and why are they soft?
Move carbohydrates down from leaves and stems to the fungi and roots (phloem) ; since water is traveling downwards, swelling of cells does not affect flow and producing hard walls is a waste
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What do hard walled cells do and why are they hard walled?
Transport water and dissolved minerals up (xylem); if walls were soft, swelling of water + gravity would prevent water from being pumped upwards
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What is the distinctive body form of vascular plants and how is it created?
Consists of a vertical shaft from whcih specialized sructures branch ; results as plants grow and add new cells to the tips of their bodies
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What are meristems?
Zones of actively dividing cells that produce plants growth
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What are the two types of meristems?
Shoot meristem and the root meristem
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What is sporic meiosis?
Process by whcih spores form by meiosis and gametes form by mitosis
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What is alternation of generations?
Thepattern amoung ife cycles in which a haploid individual alternates with a diploid individual
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Explain the cylcle of a plant's life.
The multicellular diploid sporophyte plant undergoes meiosis (reduction) and produces haploid spores. Those spores then undergo mitosis (replication) to form a multicellular haploid gametophyte plant. The gametophyte undergoes mitosis (replication) and some of its cells prouduce haploid gametes (sperm and eggs). During fertilization, egg and sperm cells fuse to create a diploid sporophyte plant.
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In nonvascular plants, what generation is teh most dominant/noticeable?
Gametophyte generation
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In vascular plants, what generation is the most dominant/noticeable (examples)
Sporophyte (ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms)
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