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Individualistic Orientation
- Emphasis on developing separate identy with own set of likes and dislikes
- Independence and self reliance are valued
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Colletivistic Orientation
- Emphasis is on the group or family identity
- Conformity to group norms and compliance with authority is valued
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Self Concept
- foundation of our sense of identity
- organized sense of who we are
- affect by culture in 2 ways:
- ____a. content:
- _________-what do I think about my self
- _________-descriptive statements about the self
- ____b. structure:
- _________-why do I use these categories to describe myself
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Independent Self
- uniqueness: how we are different from one another is important
- autonomus: in control of our own behavior, independent of others
- stable, internal attributes are central to sense of self: traits, abilities
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Bounded and separate sense of self
- clear boundries between self and others
- important distinction is between self and non self
- important aspects lie within the individual
- sense of self if very stable
- found in individualistic cultures: US, other english speaking countries, western Europe
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Interdependent Self
- uniqueness is not emphasized: how we are similar to others is important
- connectedness to others is emphasized: group memberships, social roles
- internal attributes are important but are not central to sense of self
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Interconnected/overlapping sense of self
- no clear boundries between self and others
- idenity it connected with others
- key aspects of self lie at the intersections with relationships with others
- internal aspects of identity are not important
- found in collectivistic cultures: china, brazil, kenya, fiji
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Self Consistancy
- Independant
- ____a. self consistancy is more important
- ____b. consistancy across situations is important
- Interndependant
- ____a. consistancy with others is more important
- ____b. consistancy across situations is not important
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Types of data for Social Learning
- carefully controlled lab studies
- preference for using B data: direct observations that can be verified by others is important
- also S data because self perceptions are importand and is has a causal influence on behavior
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Key Ideas: Social Learning
- social learning theory = behaviorism + cognition
- humans can learn by observing others
- they can understand behavioral contingencies
- ____a. "If I do X, then Y is likely to happen"
- perceptions about consequences impact own behavior
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Rotter's Expectancy Value Theory
BP = f( E & RV)
- BP= behavioral potential: probability that you will perform the behavior
- E= expectancies: the belief that your behavior will lead to the desired outcome
- RV= reinforcement value: how much does the goal mean to you
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Other things to know about Rotter's Expectancy Value Theory
- 2 different people can have a different BP in the same situation because their E and RV could be very different
- people value things differently
- generalize expectancies:
- ____a. beliefs about wheter anything you do will produce desired outcomes
- ____b. simiilar to self efficacy
- Specific Expectancies:
- ____a. belif that a certain behavior at a certain time and place will produce the desired behavior
- dependent upon the psychological situation: change the situation, change the expectancies
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Bandura and Social Learning Theory
- Obervational learning and modeling: can learn by observing others
- Individual differences in patterning of behavior are the result of...
- ____a. classical and operant conditioning: behavior that is reinforced is more likely to be repeated
- ____b. observe others behavior: consequences of their behavior impact your likelihood of repeating that behavior
- ____c. others serve as models for imitation and provide info about consequences: children learn by watching adults
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Importance of Self Efficacy
- efficacy expectations
- ____a. set of beliefs about our own ability to impact outcomes
- ____b. belief that you can accomplish something successfully
- similar to Rotter's Generalized Expectancies
- if you impact self efficacy, you impact motivation and performance
- ____a. what you think you can do matters
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Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism Model
- the person, behavior, and environment all interact to determine one another
- creates a triange
- P <--> B interaction
- ____a. what you think, percieve, and intend affects your behavior, and in turn, affects your personal characteristics
- P <--> E interaction
- ____a. personal characteristics evoke different responces from the environment, and in turn, affects the development of your personal characteristics
- E <--> B interaction
- ____a. behavior is controlled by the environment, but behavior can change the environment
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Evaluation
- very optimistic about ability to change behavior
- may overemphasize the situation too much
- has stood up to many tests: empirically supported
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Types of Data for Cognitive Approach
- carefully controlled lab studies
- B data
- L data: particularly for those studying life goals
- I data
- S data
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Key Ideas for Cognitive Approach
- What you think about is the cause of what you do
- Must understand thought process to understand behavior
- Outgrowth of social learning theory, but also influenced by phenomonologists
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Mischel's Cognitive Affective Personality System (CAPS)
- What you thnk about the world is all important
- Personality is a stable system that mediates how an individual selects, construes, and processes social information and generates social behabior
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Cognitive Person Variables
- Cognitive and behavioral construction compentencies
- ____a. mental abilities, behavioral skills, IQ
- Encoding strategies and personal constructs
- ____a. ideas about how world is structured
- ____b. efficacy expectations
- ____c. beliefs about own compentencies
- Self regulatory systems and plans
- ____a. self control, self reinforcement, selection of situations
- ____b. control over own throughts: self gratification study
- Affects
- ____a. feelings or emotions
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CAPS model as IF-THEN Statements
- Personality is best conceived as a set of IF-THEN contingencies
- ____a. IF a social person meets a stranger, THEN she will be friendly.
- ____b. IF that person is shy, THEN she will withdraw
- BUT....
- ____c. it becomes more complicated when you add more situational contingencies
- ____d. situations matter in Mischel's model
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Evaluation of Cognitive Approach
- very influential approach
- bridges gap with social psych
- may not emphasize affect or emotion enough
- behavior prediction is still difficult
- strong empirical basis
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