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needs
the physical or psychological requirements that must be met to ensure survival and well–being
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Negative reinforcement
reinforcement that strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specific behavior
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Outcome/input (O/I) ratio
in equity theory, an employee’s perception of how the rewards received from an organization compare with the employee’s contributions to that organization
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outcomes
in equity theory, the rewards employees receive for their contributions to the organization
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overreward
a form of inequity in which you are getting more outcomes relative to inputs than your referent
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Performance feedback
information about the quality or quantity of past performance that indicates whether progress is being made toward the accomplishment of a goal
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Positive reinforcement
reinforcement that strengthens behavior by following behaviors with desirable consequences
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Procedural justice
the perceived fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions
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punishment
reinforcement that weakens behavior by following behaviors with undesirable consequences
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referents
in equity theory, others with whom people compare themselves to determine if they have been treated fairly
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reinforcement
the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior
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Reinforcement contingencies
cause–and–effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences
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Reinforcement theory
a theory that states that behavior is a function of its consequences, that behaviors followed by positive consequences will occur more frequently, and that behaviors followed by negative consequences, or not followed by positive consequences, will occur less frequently
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Schedule of reinforcement
rules that specify which behaviors will be reinforced, which consequences will follow those behaviors, and the schedule by which those consequences will be delivered
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underreward
a form of inequity in which you are getting fewer outcomes relative to inputs than your referent is getting
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valence
the attractiveness or desirability of a reward or outcome
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Variable interval reinforcement schedule
an intermittent schedule in which the time between a behavior and the following consequences varies around a specified average
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Variable ratio reinforcement schedule
an intermittent schedule in which consequences are delivered following a different number of behaviors, sometimes more and sometimes less, that vary around a specified average number of behaviors
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