Biology3 Lab9

deoxyribonucleic acid

cells containing only on set of chromosomes

haploid reproductive cells such as eggs or sperm

a complex of uncoiled DNA and proteins within the nucleus

a cell containing two sets of chromosomes; one set inhereted from each parent

fusion of a haploid sperm with a haploid egg

a fertilized egg

sugar and phosphate

• deoxyribose sugar
• phosphate
• nitrogenous base
• ==> covalent bonds

• Adenine
• Guanine
• Cytosine
• Thymine

a change in the genes and the characteristics of an organism due to the inclusion of external DNA by a cell

a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by shape and size

• Adenine and Guanine
• ==> larger two ring structure

• Thymine and Cytosine
• ==> smaller single ring structure

anti-parallel

a chromosome not directly involved in determining the sex of an organism

• the reproduction of a cell
• 1. growth of a new organism
• 2. the replacement of old or damaged cells
• 3. asexual reproduction

the division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei

the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter (new) cells

• interphase
• prophase
• metaphase
• anaphase
• telophase

chromosomes exist as long thin threads of DNA and proteins tangled together in the nucleus

nuclear membrane dissipates, microtubules form to attach to the centromeres of each chromosome

the microtubules have attached to the centromeres and arrange the chromosomes along the equator ("metaphase plate") of the cell

• the centromere of each sister chromatid is pulled to the poles of the cell, each is now referred to as a chromosome
• the microtubules drag the centromeres of each chromosome, making the chromosomes appear V-shaped.
• by the end of anaphase, two identical complete sets of chromosomes have reached the poles

• begins with two groups of chromosomes at the opposite poles of the cell
• the chromosomes begin to uncoil and relax
• nuclear envelope begins to reform
• cytokinesis begins - the division of the cytoplasm and a new cell plate is formed

• 1. centrioles - anchor microtubules
• 2. cleavage - no cell wall