ch.7

• Any endeavor directed at enhancing the quality of health and well-being of individuals,
• families, groups, communities, and or nations through strategies involving
• supportive environments, coordination of resources, and respect for personal
• coice and values.

• –Promote Health
• –Prevent illness
• –Prevent disabilities
• –Prevent premature death
• 1.Increase quality and years of healthylife
• –Improved quality of life
• –Well-being or satisfaction with one’s life
• –Embraces all aspects of life
• 2.Eliminate health Disparities

• Model healthy lifestyle behaviors and attitudes.
• Facilitate client involvement in the assesment implemmentation and evaluation of health goals. Teach
• clients self-care strategies to enhance fitness improve nutrition manage stress
• and enhance relationships. Pg.130

•Education about prevention

and maintaining health:

• –Health Department
• –Primary care clinics
• –School based clinics
• –Prenatal and well-baby clinics
• –Community
• –Hospital

• •“Any endeavor directed at enhancing the quality of health and
• well-being of individuals, families, groups, communities, and/or nations
• through strategies involving supportive environments, coordination of
• resources, and respect for personal choice and values (Manville & Hurta,
• 2002, p.3).”

•Is an approach behavior

• •It is not disease orientated (Pender, Murdaugh, & Parsons
• 2002, p.7)

•Stachtchenko and Jenicek (1990)

–Involves not only lifestyle changes but allowing individuals and

Primary

–Precedes any disease symptoms

–Encourage optimal health

–Increase a person’s resistance to illness



Secondary Prevention

–Presence of disease and illness

–Early identification of of health problems

–Prompt intervention to alleviate health problems

• Tertiary Prevention
• –Disability is present
• –Focuses on restoring and rehabilitation

• –“Is behavior motivated by a desire to actively avoid illness,
• detect it early, or maintain functioning within the constraints of illness

• U.S. falls at 78.9 for women 19th
• rank and 25th rank for men at 72.5

• · Infant death rate among African Americans is more than double that of
• whites.

• · African Americans have higher death rates than whites related to heart
• disease. (40% higher), cancer (30%higher), HIV/AIDS (700%), and homicide (600%)

• ·Hispanics living in the U.S. are more likely to die from diabetes than
• non hispanic whites. They have higher rates of hypertension and obesity than non-hispanic
• whites.

• · Native Americans and Alaska natives have hiigher infant mortality
• rates, higher rates of diabetes, and higher death rates associates with
• unintentional injuries and suicide.

• ·People with higher levels of education and income have lower incidence
• of heart disease, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and low birth weight.

• ·People with disabilities report more anxiety, pain, sleeplessness, and
• days of depression than do those who do not have disabilities.

• ·People in rural areas are more likely to have heart disease, cancer,
• and diabetes than those who live in urban areas.

· Physical activity

· Overweight and obesity

·Tobacco use

·Substance abuse

·Responsible sexual behavior

·Mental health

·Injury and violence

·Environmental quality

·Immunization

·Access to health care

· Information dissemination

·Health appraisal and wellness assessment

·Lifestyle and behavior change, and

·Environmental control programs

• ·in the home with a counselor or
• nurse.

·Community

·Local health department

·Fire department

·Hospitals

·Schools

·Worksite

·Web md.

• ·Persons seek to create conditions of living through which they can
• express their unique human health potential.

• ·Persons have the capacity for reflective self-awareness, including
• assessment of their own competencies.

• ·Persons value growth in directions viewed as positive and attempt to
• achieve a personally acceptable balance between change and stability.

• ·Individuals in all their biopsychosocial complexity interact with the
• environment, progressively transforming the environment and being transformed
• over time.

• ·Health professionals constitute a part of the interpersonal environment
• that exerts influence on the persons throughout their life span.

• If a person has had positive prior experience with health promotion and other
• health related activites, they are more likely to maintain those activities than
• someone who has had negative prior experiences.

• ·Perceived benefits of action- Affect the person’s level of
• participation in health-promoting behaviors and may facilitate continued
• practice.

• ·Perceived barriers to action- Person’s perceptions about available
• time, expense, inconvenience, access to facilities, difficulty performing the
• activity, or other perceived negative consequences related to health-promotion
• activities.

• ·Perceived self-efficacy- Refers to the conviction that a person
• can successfully carry out the behavior necessary to achieve a desired outcome,
• such as maintaining an excercise program to lose weight.

• ·Activity-related affect- includes the subjective feelings that
• occur before, during, and following an activity.

• It hypothesizes that the greater a person’s social and health resources, the more
• frequently the person will perform preventitive behaviors.

• ·Primary prevention- Identifies risk fctors, attempts to
• eliminate the stressor, and focuses on protecting the normal line of defense and
• strengthening the flexible line of defense.
• A reaction has not yet ocurred, but the degree of risk is known.

• ·Secondary prevention- Relates to interventions or active
• treatment initiated after symptoms have occured. The focus is to strengthen internal lines of
• resistance, reduce the rection, and increase resistance factors.

• ·Tertiary prevention- refers to intervention following that in
• the secondary stage. It focuses on
• readaptation and stability and protects reconstitution or return to wellness
• following treatment. The nurse
• emphasizes educating the client in strenghtining resistance to stressors and
• ways to help prevent recurrence of reaction or regression.

• · Precontemplation stage- the person does not think about changing
• behavior, nor is the person interesed in information about the behavior. The
• negative aspects of making the change outweigh the benefits.

• · Contemplative stage- the person seriously considers changing a
• specific behavior, actively gathers information, and verbalizes plans to change
• the behavior in the near future. Belief in the value of the change and self-confidence in the ability to change both
• increase in this phase.

• ·Preparation stage- occurs when the person undertakes cognitive
• and behavorial activities that prepare the person for change. At this stage, the person believes that the
• disadvantages and makes specific plans to accomplish the change. i.e. cuttingout sugar from coffee..

• ·Action stage- occurs when the person actively implements
• behavioral and cognitive strategies to interrupt previous behavior patterns and
• adopt new ones. To prevent recurrences
• of previous behavior, the action stage needs to continue for several weeks or
• months.

• · Maintenance stage- the person integrates newly adopted behavior
• patterns into his or her lifestyle. This
• stage lasts until the person no longer experiences temptation to return to
• previous unhealthy behaviors.

· Model healthy lifestyle behaviors and attitudes.

· Facilitate client involvement in the assessment, implementation, and evaluation of the health goals.

• · Teach clients selfcare strategies to enhance fitness, improve nutrition, manage stress, and enhance
• relationships.

· Assist individuals, families, and communities to increase their level of health.

· Educate clients to be effective health care consumers.

·Assist clients, families, and communities to develop and choose health-promoting options.

·Guide clients’development in effective problem solving and decision making.

·Reinforce clients’ personal and family health-promoting behaviors.

·Advocate in the community for changes that promote a healthy environment.