digestive sys review.txt

The chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments that can be absorbed by the digestive epithelium is __________.

Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation?

In the oral cavity, the digestive enzyme _________ is found in saliva and begins the digestion of _________.

Which oral structure(s) is (are) responsible for manipulating food to assist in chewing and in the production of the enzyme lipase?

Which type of tooth is responsible for clipping and cutting?

Which regions of the pharynx serve as passageways for food on its way to the esophagus?

Which of the following is the term for swallowing?

The lowest portion of the stomach, which forms the sharp curve of the J shape of the stomach, is the __________.

Which of the following phases of gastric activity is caused by the sight, taste, or thought of food?

Which of the following is NOT produced by the gastric glands in the stomach of an adult?

Which of the following is NOT a region of the small intestine?

A series of transverse folds in the small intestine that serve to increase the surface area for absorption are the __________.

What is the function of bile?

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that digest __________.

A small, slender structure that is attached to the large intestine and is dominated by lymphoid nodules is the __________.

The reflex that occurs in the large intestine and promotes the movement of feces toward the anus is the __________.

Which of the following are NOT absorbed in the large intestine?

Which of the following does NOT digest a carbohydrate?

Which of the following does NOT digest a protein?

Which of the following is NOT an effect of advancing age on the digestive system?

Mastication of food

Carries solid foods and liquids to the stomach

Bulk storage of ingested food, chemical and mechanical breakdown of ingested food, and production of the intrinsic factor

Digestion and absorption of nutrients

Reabsorption of water, absorption of important vitamins, and storage of fecal matter

Temporary storage of fecal matter

This stimulates of increased motility in the stomach and the production of acids and enzymes.

Secreted when fats and especially glucose enters the intestine, this enzyme triggers the release of insulin at the pancreas.

This is secreted when chyme is rich in lipids and partially digested proteins. It triggers the opening of the hepatopancreatic sphincter.

This is released when chyme enters the small intestine and it stimulates mucin production.

Proteins to short-chain polypeptides

Dipeptides and tripeptides to amino acids

trypsinogen to trypsin

A disaccharide to monosaccharides

Parietal cell

Chief cell

G cells

Intestinal glands

Brunner glands

Put the structures involved in bile transport in the proper order, from the liver to the gallbladder and on to the small intestine

T/F The pharynx belongs to both the respiratory and digestive systems.
True False

T/F Cuspids are cutting or clipping teeth.

T/F A drop in the pH of the chyme coming from the stomach triggers the release of CCK.

T/F The haustra are formed by contraction of the taenia coli.
True False

T/F The region of the tooth between the crown and the root is called the gingival space.
True False

The muscularis externa propels materials from one portion of the digestive tract to the other by a series of wavelike contractions called peristalsis, while in most areas of the small intestine __________ movements churn and fragment digestive materials.

Pancreatic juice is secreted by units known as pancreatic __________.

__________ are proteolytic enzymes that break small peptide chains into amino acids.

The transverse folds that make up the intestinal lining and provide more surface area for absorption are called __________.

The glycoprotein __________, necessary for vitamin B12 absorption, is produced in the stomach.

True or false? Bile is produced by the gallbladder.
True False

True or False? Once food is digested in the stomach, it is called chyme.
True False

A chylomicron is an example of a digested protein.
True False

Which substance is absorbed through the intestinal lining?

What is the term for breaking down lipids?

Which accessory organ produces amylases, lipases, buffers, and hormones?

Most of the fat absorption occurs in which part of the small intestine?

Where does the process of chemical digestion start?

Enzymes and buffers are considered part of which type of digestion?

What do we call movement of food without direction in the digestive tract?

Where does major absorption of food substances occur?

Which type of enzyme digests carbohydrates?

Which side of the epithelial cells lining the digestive tract faces in towards the lumen?

What is the term for emulsified, digested lipids?

Which portion of the small intestine serves as a mixing bowl for substances from the pancreas, liver, and stomach?

In which part of your digestive system is most of the water reabsorbed?

Place the following layers of the general GI tract in order from outermost to innermost

Which of the following is NOT part of the digestive tract?

Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ?

function of the digestive tract

There are __________ major layers of the digestive tract.

From the outside in, the correct order of the layers of the digestive tract is

The inner lining of the digestive tract is the

The movements of the muscularis externa are coordinated by the

Waves of smooth muscle contraction that propel materials along the digestive tract are called

The __________ cells coordinate rhythmic waves of smooth muscle contraction along the digestive tract.

Your digestive tract produces __________ hormones.

The visceral peritoneum

The mesenteries

The fauces

The floor of the mouth inferior to the tongue receives support from the __________ muscle.

There are __________ pairs of salivary glands opening into the oral cavity.

Muscles of the tongue are controlled by the __________ nerve.

The attachment of teeth to the alveolus is called a

The outer layer of a tooth is called the

Humans have __________ complete dentitions.

Incisors are used for

The large, crushing, grinding teeth found at the back of each dental arch are the

The esophagus is about __________ long.

Swallowing is

The esophagus is lined with

Deglutition consists of __________ phases.

Which of the following is a function of the stomach?

The fundus of the stomach

The simple columnar epithelia that line the stomach have an average life expectancy of __________ days.

Chief cells secrete

When the stomach is empty, the mucosa is thrown into folds called

Gastric gland cells secrete

Gastric activity can be divided into __________ phases.

The cephalic phase of gastric activity is directed by

The gastric phase lasts

The major hormone secreted during the gastric phase is

The intestinal phase

The last section of the small intestine is the

The first section of the small intestine is the

The human small intestine averages __________ feet in length.

The wall of the small intestine bears a series of folds called the

Each intestinal villus contains a lymphoid capillary called a

The duodenum differs from the rest of the small intestine in that its submucosa contains many __________ that secrete mucus.

The gastroenteric reflex stimulates motility

The ileum

The jejunum

Sympathetic stimulation

The exocrine secretions of the pancreas drain through __________ duct(s).

The pancreatic duct joins the __________ to drain into the duodenum.

Pancreatic islets account for about __________ percent of the mass of the pancreas.

Pancreatic juice is

Pancreatic juice contains

The typical adult liver weighs about

The human liver has __________ lobe(s).

Liver cells, or hepatocytes, receive blood from the

Each portal area contains a branch of the

Each lobule has __________ portal triads and __________ central vein(s).

Bile is secreted into narrow channels called __________ between adjacent liver cells.

The liver has more than __________ functions.

Which of the following is a function of the liver?

Bile functions in digestion as a(n)

Bile secretion occurs __________, but bile release occurs __________.

Cholecystokinin

The regions of the large intestine include the

The cecum is

The pouches of the colon are called the

The longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle that run the length of the colon are called the

The muscles of the external anal sphincter are

The defecation reflex

The large intestine absorbs which of the following vitamins from colonic bacteria?

One of the major functions of the large intestine is the

Carbohydrates are digested in the

Proteins are digested in the

Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine by the process of

Fat soluble vitamins move across the intestinal mucosa by

Vitamin B12 is absorbed by

Water-soluble vitamins (excluding B12 ) are absorbed by

The layer of the digestive tract that contains large blood vessels, lymphatics, and a network of nerve fibers called the plexus of Meissner is the

Each of the following products of digestion except one are taken up by capillaries in the small intestine. Identify the exception.

Each of the following is a function of the oral cavity except one. Identify the exception.

Which salivary glands produce a thick serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase?

Which type of tooth is conical with a pointed tip and used for tearing and slashing?

During the pharyngeal phase of deglutition

Which of these is not an important functions of the highly acidic environment of the stomach?

Which of the following is not a pancreatic enzyme?

Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

The right colic flexure marks the end of which segment of the large intestine?

During the defecation reflex

Each of the following is a brush border enzyme except one. Identify the exception.

Fatty acids and monoglycerides interact with the bile salts in chyme to form small, lipid-bile salt complexes called

Peyer's patches are associated with which region of the intestine?

Treatment for a morbidly obese man includes surgery to reduce the length of his intestine. Which region of the small intestine should be removed to achieve greatest weight loss?

Which one of the following organs is not a part of the digestive system?

The active process that occurs when materials enter the digestive tract via the mouth is:

Sympathetic stimulation of the muscularis externa promotes:

The mucous-producing, unicellular glands found in the mucosal epithelium of the stomach and small and large intestine are:

Which of the layers of the digestive tube is (are) most responsible for peristalsis along the esophagus?

Strong contractions of the ascending and transverse colon moving the contents of the colon toward the sigmoid colon are called:

Accelerated secretions by the salivary glands, resulting in the production of watery saliva containing abundant enzymes, are promoted by:

The submandibular gland produces saliva, which is:

The three pairs of salivary glands that secrete into the oral cavity include:

Crushing, mashing, and grinding of food are best accomplished by the action of the:

The three phases of deglutition are:

On its way to the esophagus, food normally passes through the:

The pharyngeal muscles that push the food bolus toward the esophagus are the:

Solid food and liquids are carried from the pharyngeal region to the stomach by the:

The inferior end of the esophagus normally remains in a state of active contraction that:

The contractions of the stomach are inhibited by:

Which of the following is secreted by the stomach?

The three divisions of the small intestine are:

An enzyme not found in pancreatic juice is:

The functions of the gallbladder involve:

The hormone that promotes the flow of bile and of pancreatic juice containing enzymes is:

The longitudinal ribbon of smooth muscle visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa are the:

Material arriving from the ileum first enters an expanded pouch called the:

The vitamins liberated by bacterial action and absorbed in the large intestine are:

The organic nutrients that provide energy for the human body are:

The nutrients that can be absorbed without preliminary processing but may involve special transport mechanisms are:

The enzyme lactase, which digests lactose to glucose and galactose, is synthesized by:

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach functions primarily to:

The intestinal epithelium absorbs monosaccharides by

When two fluids are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, water tends to flow into the solution that has the:

An error in swallowing could most likely be detected by the:

Many visceral smooth muscle networks show rhythmic cycles of activity in the absence of neural stimulation due to the presence of:

The reason a completely dry food bolus cannot be swallowed is:

The parts of the stomach include:

The two factors that play an important part in the movement of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine are:

The plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that provide for:

The enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal crypts are responsible for producing the intestinal hormones:

Most intestinal absorption occurs in the:

The primary function(s) of the gastrointestinal juice is (are) to:

An immediate increase in the rates of glandular secretion and peristaltic activity in all segments of the small intestine are a result of the:

The primary effect of secretin is to cause a(n):

The peptide hormone that causes the release of insulin from the pancreatic islets is:

The two major regions of the large intestine are the:

The muscular sphincter that guards the entrance between the ileum and the cecum is the:

The contractions that force fecal material into the rectum and produce the urge to defecate are called:

The average composition of the fecal waste material is:

The hormone gastrin:

The two positive feedback loops involved in the defecation reflex are:

The "doorway to the liver" (porta hepatis) is a complex that includes the:

Triglycerides coated with proteins create a complex known as a: