BIO 205 Final Nutrition

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins

• Growth
• Cell metabolism
• Energy

• Carbs --> glucose
• Protein --> amino acid
• Lipid --> fatty acid and glycerol

• Longer chains
• Ex: potatoes, wheats

*Must consume carbs or else brain cannot function

• Easily absorbed
• Preferred
• Ex: fruit, vegetables

During refinement, bran and germ removed; mostly starch remains

• Bran: fiber and protein rich outer protective layer
• Endosperm: starchy inner cose
• Germ: vitamins, essential fats, and antioxidants

• Binds with cholesterol, preventing its GI absorption
• So it can be pooped

• Adds bulk; stimulates "regularity"
• Stimulate bowel movement

How easily food is absorbed as time goes by

• Ex of high GI: glucose
• Ex of low GI: Beans

• 20 amino acids to make proteins that our cells need
• Have to ingest essential amino acids to make protein

There are 8 essential amino acids

• These contain all 8 essential amino acids:
• eggs
• milk products
• meat
• puoltry
• tofu
• soy milk
• edamame

• Deficiency in at least one of the essential amino acids
• To make complete combine foods

Ex: corn and beans

• 2 servings
• Size of deck of cards

• Amino acids broken down and urea gets processed through kidney
• Kidney fails
• Need to consume extra water --> if not, will result to kidney stones

• Oils
• Fats

• Solid at room temperature
• Found in animal products
• Maximum amount of bonds going straight

Non-animal: coconut

• Liquid at room temperature
• Double bond and tilted

• Ex: Olive oil
• Ex of polyunsaturated fat: safflower oil

• Body cannot make them
• Must consume
• Ex: salmon, mackeral, sardines, walnuts, almonds, dark leafy green vegetables

• May be protective against heart disease
• Good fat

• Ex: sardines, trout
• Ex: flax seed oil and canola oil

• Hydrogenation to change a liquid fat into a solid fat
• Proteins in blood attach to cholesterol and go out in poop (trans-fat prevents that from happening)
• Damage blood vessels
• Double bond where hydrogens are on opposite sides

• Coronary artery gets clogged
• Need to exercise
• Can get bypass surgery or angioplasty

• Build bones, teeth
• Muscle contraction
• Vitamin D from Sun

• Osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts
• As you get older, bone density goes down
• Need to exercise and using weights to prevent it

• 1/4 teaspoon a day
• Average American Diet: 4-6 grams a day

• Fat soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K
• All others are water soluble
• Normal metabolism, growth, development, and regulation of cell function
• Getting vitamins from food is better than from a pill

• Free radicals: Compounds have extra electrons sitting on them are unstable and do "bad things"
• Antioxidants: get rid of extra elextron and defend against free radicals

Vitamins A, C, E

Calorie consumption deal with BMR

More exercise creates more muscle increasing the BMR to burn more calories even at rest

• Fear of getting fat
• 90% of those affected by anorexia are female

• Strict dieting with lots of rules
• Binge eating
• Compensatory behaviors (vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, exercise)
• Extreme concerns about body shape and weight

• Hard to identify because weight is normal
• Yellowing of back of teeth from hydrochloric acid

• If not decked out with muscles, they feel fat
• Male equivalent to anorexia
• Hours a day working out

• Overeating
• Purging
• Anxiety will do this
• Anything that give emotional upset can cause it

As income increases, obesity goes up