BIO181 Reproduction

In spermatogenesis, 4 gametes are produced from each meiotic division, whereas in oogenesis there is only 1 gamete produced from each division

• ␣ produce the genetic material necessary for
• creating the offspring
• ␣ combine the maternal and paternal genetic material
• ␣ support the developing offspring until they can tolerate the external environment (with or without assistance from the parents)
• ␣ deliver the offspring into the environment
• ␣ support the offspring in the environment until they are independent

• Sperm are produced in seminiferous tubules
• • Sperm mature in the epididymis
• • Sperm delivered to the urethra through the vasa deferentia
• Other components of semen are produced in the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.
• Penis

Near the base membrane

To secret testosterone, which initiates spermatogenesis

Prophase or metaphase

Leutenizing Hormone

Prophase

FSH and LH

estrogen and progesterone

Regulation of gonadotropins

Birth

It stimulates birth by increasing the frequency and intensity of uterine contraction

They release estrogen and progesterone into the body, "tricking" the body into thinking its already pregnant.

28 Days

14 days

The onset ofl abor is due to many hormonal and mechanical factors, which increase contractility of uterine muscles.

Fertilization occurs in the upper regions of the oviducts

The zygote becomes a blastocyst through cell divisions as it passes down the oviduct

A thin-walled hollow structure in early embryonic development that contains a cluster of cells called the inner cell mass from which the embryo arises.

Either of two small glands that are located below the prostate and discharge a component of the seminal fluid into the urethra.

A yellow, progesterone-secreting mass of cells that forms from an ovarian follicle after the release of a mature egg.

The glandular mucous membrane that lines the uterus.

A long, narrow, convoluted tube, part of the spermatic duct system, that lies on the posterior aspect of each testicle, connecting it to the vas deferens.

Any of a group of steroid hormones that primarily regulate the growth, development, and function of the female reproductive system.

a gonadotrophic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles in female mammals and growth of seminiferous tubules in males

A hormone produced by the placenta that maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy.

The process by which a fertilized egg implants in the uterine lining.

a cell in the testes that secretes the hormone testosterone

A hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum in the female and the production of testosterone by the interstitial cells of the testis in the male.

The recurring series of changes in women in which an egg is produced in the process known as ovulation, and the uterine lining thickens to allow for implantation if fertilization occurs. If the egg is not fertilized, the lining of the uterus breaks down and is discharged during menstruation.

a cell that arises from a primordial germ cell and differentiates into an oocyte in the ovary.

• The maturation and release of ova

A membranous vascular organ that develops in female mammals during pregnancy, lining the uterine wall and partially enveloping the fetus

• A cell from which an egg or ovum develops by meiosis; a female gametocyte.

diploid cell that undergoes meiosis to form four spermatids. A primary spermatocyte divides into two secondary spermatocytes, which in turn divide to form the spermatids.

A steroid hormone secreted by the corpus luteum of the ovary and by the placenta, that acts to prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum, to maintain pregnancy, and to promote development of the mammary glands.

A gland in male mammals surrounding the urethra at the base of the bladder that controls release of urine from the bladder and secretes a fluid which is a major constituent of semen.

An oocyte in which the first meiotic division is completed. The second meiotic division usually stops short of completion unless fertilization occurs.

a haploid cell produced by meiotic division of the primary spermatocyte; it can then develop into the spermatid.

A viscous whitish secretion of the male reproductive organs, containing spermatozoa and consisting of secretions of the testes, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands.

One of two or three twisted curved tubules in each lobule of the testis in which spermatogenesis occurs.

Any of the elongated striated cells in the seminiferous tubules to which spermatids attach during spermiogenesis.

A male gamete or reproductive cell; a spermatozoon.

Any of the cells of the gonads in male organisms that are the progenitors of spermatocytes.

• An agent, such as a virus, a drug, or radiation, that causes malformation of an embryo or fetus.

the reproductive gland in a male , the source of spermatozoa and the androgens, normally occurring paired in an external scrotum

produced primarily in the testes and responsible for the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics.

The outermost layer of cells of the blastocyst that attaches the fertilized ovum to the uterine wall and serves as a nutritive pathway for the embryo.

The main duct through which semen is carried from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.