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Who disproved the Theory of Spontaneous Generation? and
Pasteur
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What was used as a control in Pasteur's experiment to disprove The Theory of Spontanuous Generation?
The second tube - air was not drawn through the soluble fiber.
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What is the purpose of a control in a balanced experiment?
serves as a stand for comparison
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Who develped the first microscope?
- Anton van Leeuwenhock
- very simple , one lens, 200-300 X
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What did van Leeuwenhock give us an "aweness" of?
Animacules
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What is the meaning of the Germ Therory of Disease?
Germs cause disease
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Who laid the foundation for the Germ Theory od Disease?
Kock with his Postulates, by providing a direct correlation between one germ and one disease
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Who demonstrated that disease can be interrupted by hand washing?
Semmelweis
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Antrax is ______ disease caussed by the bacteria ______.
Zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis
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Pasteur develpoed a vaccine for what pathogen he could not see, what was it?
Rabies Vaccine
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Prokaryotes have what charecteristics?
- single chomosome
- no nuclear membrane
- Unicellular
- they are bacteria
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Barcteria are _____ and _____ are bacteria.
prokaryotes
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Who developed the substage condenser and oil immersion lens?
Abbe
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The system of taxonomy was originally devised by whom?
Linnaeus
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Viruses are not included in the classification system. Why?
they are not considered a living organism, but must have a living cell to function
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When veiwing a prepared slide of Trypanosoma gambiense in a bllod smear what objective lens & light are you most likley to use?
High dry in bright field
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What is the total magnification when the scanning power lens is used?
40 X
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When using a basic stain, what charge does the color molecule have?
- Positive charge
- (most stains are basic)
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How does a direct stain work?
by staining the organism directly with a simple stain
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How does an acidic stain work?
- colored portion of the molecule has a negative charge, so it is repelled by the cell.
- The background is stained and the cell remains clear.
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How would you provide contrast to view a living specimen from a pond water sample in your microscope?
Phase-contrast
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Candida albicans is a _________ that commonly causes an _________ infection?
common flora that causes opportunistic infections
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is spread by what and caused by what agent?
- VECTOR (ticks)
- Rickettsia rickettsii
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A Tapeworm is what kind of worm?
Flatworm
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Heterotrophic bacteria belong to the same kningdom as _____.
Cyanobacteria
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This STD is also known as the only flagellated protozoan:
Trichomonas vaginalis
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What phylum conatins Trichomonas vaginalis ?
Mastigophora
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What would you call a roundworm infestation?
Ascariasis
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Taeniasis is what?
a tapeworm infestation
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Phcology is the study of what?
Algea
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The system in which there are 4 kingdoms of eukaroytes and one kingdom of bacteria is called what?
The "OLD Tree of Life"
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Mesophiles like what?
US- moderate temperatures
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Alkalinophiles like what?
- base-loving organisms that grow best at a pH 8.5-12.0.
- Ex: Vibrio cholera
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Which reaction is necessary for both aerobuic & Anaerobi organisms?
Glycolysis
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Give an example of a competative enzyme inhibitor:
- Penicillin = an antibiotic / magic bullet / Bacteriostatic
- Does not have as many side effects
- CAN for resistance
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Name some examples of a non-competative enzyme inhibitor:
Heavy metals, arsenic, mercury / Halides, chlorine, flourine, iosine
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What are the advantages / dis-advantages of NON-competative enzyme inhibitors?
NO resistance
TOXIC to host / bacteriocidal
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What is bacterial replication?
Transverse Binary Fission
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What are 3 types of gene transfer mechanisms? What do they do?
- Conjugation
- Transduction
- Transformation
Give genetic variability / genetic recombination
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Conjugation is what ?
plasmid is transfered by a pilus
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What is transduction?
Virus transfers
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How do you get genetic variation in transverse bininary fisson?
when a mutation occurs
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What is Transformation?
when a live bacteria picks up genes from a dead bacteria
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What is Prophage?
latent virus that infects bacteria
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What is a media called that has something special added to it ?
Enrichment agar
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What is a differential media?
will differentiate by changing color
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What is Manatol Salt Agar used for?
Selective for Gram positive Staphylococci
Differetial for pathogenic Staphylococci
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What is an Enterotube used for?
Rapid ID of enteric bacteria (Gram -, tiny rods, facultativly anaeobic)
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When a patients normal flora becomes opportunistic, due to low defense, or killing off of other normal flora?
Endogenous
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What is an exogenous infection?
introduced to a patient from the enviornment outside that of the hospital
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What is test Muller-Hinton agar used for?
Kirby-Bauer antibiotic sensitivity test
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What type of toxin is a soluble substance secreted by bacteria into host tissues? Gram negative or positive?
- Exotoxin
- Gram +
- release neurotoxins
- Food Intoxication
- ex: Staphylococcus aureus
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What type of toxic reeaction is cause by Gram - bacteria releasing toxins into a host tissue when they die?
- Endotoxin - incorporated into bacterial cell wall
- Salmonella / E. coli / Campylobactor
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What is ID50 ?
Infectious Dose 50 = number of pathogens required to make 50% of hosts sick
Virulence
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What is LD50 ?
Lethal Dose 50+ looking for the amount of toxin required to make 50% of hosts dead
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How many chomosomes does a bacterial cell have?
ONE, located in the nucleiod
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Wher is ATP made in a bacterial cell?
Plasma Membrane
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What bacteria have no cell wall?
give an example
- Mycoplasma
- Mycoplasma pneumonia / walking pneumonia
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What is an organism DNA / RNA called?
a Genome
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What is a gene?
ONE section of the genome which is code for a particular trait.
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What is a group of 3 that code for an amino acid called?
Codon
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What is Tinea?
the medical term for a type of dermatomycosis (skin condition)
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The causative agent of Malaria is ______.
the protozoan, Plasmodium
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What is Mycology?
the study of fungi & yeasts
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What is Bacteriology ?
the study of bacteria, includes the kingdom Monera
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What is the causative agent of anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis
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What is turbity:
cloudiness
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what is floculant?
chunks
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What is a pellicle?
scum layer on the top
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Sediment?
found a the bottom
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Fimbrae are what?
"finger like" - help bacteria adhere to surfaces
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Aristotle is credited for:
original spontaneous generation theory
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Name the Gram -, non-motile, faculatative anaerobe found in the normal flora of the mouth:
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- can be opportunistic
- can become resistant (CRKP)
- is nosocomial infection
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What phase represents a culture that is acclimating to a new invornment?
Lag phase
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During what phase is it best to select bacteria for an experiment ?
Log Phase = exponential growth
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In what phase is population doubling time the shortest?
Log phase = exponential growth
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How many bacterial cells are present in a culture during the lag phase?
unknown
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what is the Gram - spirochaete that causes syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
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When using the Gram staining technique, a cell wall that does not retain the crystal violet dye would be called what?
Gram negative
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Endotoxic cells walls are Gram negative or positive?
Gram negative
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what bacteria is a Gram negative rod that is flagellated, covered in fimbrae and is considered part of our enteric bacteria?
Protues vulgaris
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What type of organism has 1-2 layers of peptidoglycan? and what color is it when stained?
- Gram negative (thin wall)
- RED
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