AP Psych Terms

research method in which one person is studied in depth in order ot reveal general principles of behavior

the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distrorting reality

What people do to lessen their anxiety

reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories according to Freud

• Operates on the pleasure principle
• * think of dog humping leg**
• Know's what it wants and wants it now

• -seeks to gratify id's impulses in realistic ways
• mediated demand of the id, superego and realisty

• part of personality that represents internalized ideals, and provides standard judgements and for future aspirations
• "voice of the unconscience"
• -right and wrong

• Oral (0-18m)
• Anal (18-36)
• Phallic (3-6 yrs)
• Latency (6- puberty)
• Genital (puberty onward)

a boys sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealously and hatred for the rival father

children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

According to Freud

If conflicts in early psychosexual stages aren't resolved, fixation occurs, on whatever pleasure seeking stage it is at...

ak conflict in oral stage, fixation may be sucking thumb

• banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
• -think insomnia, forget bad experiences

• an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infanitile psychosexual stage
• ex) 1st day of school anxiety brings old thumb sucking from oral stage

• ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites
• ex) unaccepatble "I hate him" becomes "I love him"

*think reaction is the opposite of what you'd think"

method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes ot mind, no matter how trivial or embarrising (psycho analysis)

Freud's theory of personality that attritubes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; technique is used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interperet unconscious tensions

• disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others
• ex) "He doesn't trust me"--> "I don't trust him" ---> " I don't trust myself"

**think it's gonna be a project to get him to trust me**

• we unconscioiusly generate self -justifying explantions to hide from ourselves the real reason for our actions
• ex) I drink only to be socialable, thats all

*think rationalize as in make up reasons for your actions*

• shifts sexual/aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
• ex) kicking dog, snapping at roommate

• Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history
• **mother's symoblic for nuturance

a personality test, presents an ambiguous stimuli and then ask the test taker to describe or tell a story about it, hoping to reveal a projection into their interest and conflicts

projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interest through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

*think TAT as in a have a tatoo story for you :)**

most widely used projective test, set of inkblots designed by Herman Rorschach; seeks to indentify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death

Abraham Maslow, the need to fufill one's potential

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

• **family, client-centered therapy,
• Think parent's have unconditional love for you

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, an answer to the question "Who am I?"

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel/act as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

questionaire covering wide range of feelings and behaviors

objective test to designed to measure personality

• Conscientiousness
• Agreeableness
• Neuroticism
• Openness
• Extraversion

a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

Hathaway

views behaviors as influenced by the interaction betwen persons (and their thinking) and their social context (situation)

*think social -sitation and cogntive-thinking

the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors

our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

perception that chance or outside forces beyhond one's personal control determines ones fate

perception that one controls ones own identity

Passive behavior produced by repeating exposure to unavoidable, aversive events

ex) Bella not needing to tye her shoe cuz dad always would

Thinking more people are paying attention to you than really is, aka you think everyone will notice your little stain when no one really does


tendency of people to over estimate the extent to which other people are noticing/evaluating them

An individual's sense of self worth

Tendency to perceive oneself favorably

A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

study of the effects of drugs on mind and behaviors

prescribed medication or medical produres that act directly on the patient's nervous system

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; possible side effects of long term use of antipsychotic drugs that dopamine receptors

*think you will look psychotic if this happens to you***

a biomedical treatment in which electric shock is used to produce in cortical seizure accompanied by confulsions; used primarily for treatment of depression

*think convulsive causing convultions and seizures*

application of repeating pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

a now rare psychosurgicalprocedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional and violent patients

* changing the way we think can result in positive changes in the way we act and feel

Aims to alter ways people think and act and to make them aware of their irrational negative thinking

therapy that treats family as a system

an emotioonally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

*ROGERS

Replaces learned behaviors with constructive ones, no underlying cause

a behavior therapy procedure that conditoins new responses to stiumli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning

**enclosed space of elevator with relaxed response**

-exposure therapies

treate anxieties by exposing people to thing they fear and avoid

A type of conterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.

progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privledges or treats

uses a blend of approaches

might be the inability to remember certain details you block from your conscious to

the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

• Providing insight on your underlying wishes, dreams, etc,
• *giving a meaning of why you may not want to talk about your mother

A humanistic therapy based on carl Roger's belief that an individual has an unlimited capacity for psychological growth and will continue to grow unless barriers are placed in the way

an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulites

the study of how what others do and say affect how we think, speak, and act

people judge others actions based on the individual's personality and situation

people will judge actions more heavily based on personality a nd tend ot minimize the situational effect

how people feel and believe, which ultimately may affect an action or response

people tend to believe/agree to a large idea or action after being first introduce to a related but simplier idea/action

when it's recongnized by an individual that a belief and action are not consistant, they take action to allow the belief and action to agree

adjusting to a group standard, may involve confusion to what an individual thought they knew

changing/conforming to what seems to avoid you from becoming rejected or the "odd ball" **wanting approval

occurs when one goes along with anothers opinion or idea after hearing the facts

when an individual perfrms better under observation

When working with a group one may participate less effort than when working individually

occurs when one becomes less self conscious and reserved when in a group, may cause chaos

**aka food fight

groups grow when disscussion are in action about common ideas within the group

thoughts/ideas become unrealistic during the process of trying to reach harmony,

**often occurs when president discusses plans

an attitude/feeling about a group of people that's unfair and unjust

catogorizing a group of people for what one seems to be true about all members

ACTING a certain way toward someone/roup based on stereotypical beliefs,

inlcude "yourself" in a group "us"

inluces "them"; a group you are not a part of and you view as someone you are not

favoring your own "ingroup"

it's easy for people to find someone to blame in situations, helps boost themselves when they are able to put blame towards another person

idea that people get what they deserve: Evil is punished as good is rewarded

any verbal expression or phsycial expression that is intended to cause harm

when people get frustrated, anger follows which then may lead to acts of aggression

a dispute/disagreeance caused by ideas/thoughts, beliefs that are not compatable

situations where when multiple individual same decisions for themselves it's a lose-lose but when decisions are made for/with someone people all win. Harm collective well-being by persuing personal interest

the more exposure to something the stronger chances a person begins to like such stimuli

usually begining stage of relationship in which arousal is caused and coinsidingly positive absorption towards each other is felt

usually later, stage when love is felt due to the involvement in each other's lives

an equal amount of give and take

telling personal details about oneself

an unselfish concern for others welfare

people are more likely to notice a situation, help someone, when no one else is around. bystanders decrease the likeliness for an individual to help in an emergency situation becuase htey believe someone else will

people weigh the cost and rewards to decifer if an act is worth it

we should help those who have helped us

something we are taught, to help those who need our help

goals in which opposing groups have to work together to reach, otucoming in cooperation

Graduated and Reciprocated Initives in action redeption's acts to reduce tension but not lose strong reputation

deviant, distressful, dysfunctional behaviors

*Has 3 o's soy rmember the 3 d's**

characterized by 1) extereme inattention 2) hyperactivity or 3) impusivity

psychological disorders are illnesses that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured

provides a widely used system of classifying psycholigcal disorders

involve distressing, persisitent anxiety, or aladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

person is continualy tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal for no apparent reason

episode of intense dread accompanied by chest pain, dizziness, or choking

anxiety disorder characterized by persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

person experiences uncontrollable repetitive thoughts and actions

haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxeity and/or imsomnia lasting 4 weeks or more after the traumatic experience

person appears to experience a sudden loss of memory or change in identity

person exhibits 2 or more distinct and alternating personalities (multiple pesronality disorder)

inflexible and enduring maladaptive character traits that impair social functioning

person is aggressive, ruthless, and shows no sign of a conscience that would inhibit wrong doing

*socio/psycho paths)

emotional extremes

occurs when a person exhibits the lethargy feelings of worhtlessness, or loss of interest in family, friends, etc or characteristics of depression for more than 2 week period

wildly optimistic, euphoric hyperactive state that alternates with depession in biopolar disorder

**norepinephrine is over abundant**

mood disorder in which a person alternates between depression and manic state

group of severe disorders whose symptoms may include disorganized and delusional thinking, inappropriate emotions and actions, and distrurbed perceptions

• Subtypes :
• Paranoid-hallucinations
• disorganized-jumbling speech, actions
• catonic - immbolity or excessive movement

false beliefs that often are symptoms of psychotic disorders

* I am Mary Poppins

interdisciplinary field that applies behavior and medical knowledge to the treatment of diseases and to the promotion of health

application fo psychological concepts and reasearch illness prevention and treatment to health advancement

process by which people appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges

• 3 stage sequence of bodily reaction to stress outlined by Hans Selye
• 1. alarm reaction
• 2. resistance
• 3. exhaustion

clogging vessles that nourish the heart

reactive, hard driving, competitive, verbally aggressive, easily angered

easy going, relaxed people

any genuine illness, such as hypertenision and headahces that is apparently linked to stress rather than caused by a physical disorder

• two types of white blood cells of the immune system:
• b lymphocytes-fight bacterical infections
• t lymphocytes - fight viruses, cancer cells, and foreign substance in the body

refers to any effort to alleviate stress using emotional, congnitive, or behavioral methods

involves reducing stress by directly changing a stressor or how interact with it


ex. family fight we will go directly to member to work things out

reducing stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to the emotional reaction it triggers


*reaching out to friends to help address our own emotional needs

any substained activity such as running, swimming, or cycling that promotes heart and lung fitness and may help alleviate drepression and anxiety

refers to a system for electronically recording, amplifying and feeding back information regarding subtle physiological state

collection fo health care remedies and treaments that have not been accepted by medical science or verified by controlled research trials

• response of the whole organism involving:
• 1. pshycial arousal
• 2. expressive beahviors
• 3. conscious experience

emotial experience based on an awareness of the body's response to the emotion-arousing stimuli

**heart race, then you feel fear

a stimulus triggers the body's respons that in turn trigger hte expereinced emotion

emotional ocurs at the same time as they body's physical reaction

emotions have phsycial arousal and a cognitive label,

lie detector, measures several of the phsyciological responses accompanying emotion

* some brain signals are the same for stress and guilt and other things so not realiable

emotional release; according ot the cathariss hypothesis, by expressiong our anger, we can reduce it

tendency of people to be helpful when the are in a good mood

a person's sense of satisfaction with his/her life

our tendency to judge things relative to our prior experience

**ex, now when color goes out on big tv freaks out over when little tv was amazing, he adapted to big tv

perception that we are worse off relative to those when we compare ourselves

a need or desire that energies and directs behavior

complex behavior that is ridgidy patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

when physiological need occurs, the drive to satisfy such need increases

body's tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivates behavior

• 1. Phsyiological needs (food, water)
• 2. safetly needs (feel safe, secure, stable)
• 3. belongingness and love needs ( need for recongition/respect from others)
• 4. Esteem Needs ( avoid lonliness)
• 5. Self actualization needs ( live up to full potential)

blood sugar, the major source of energy for the body's tissues

an individual's regulated weight level, which is maintained by adjusting food intake and energy output

the body's base rate of energy expenditure when resting

an eating disorder, most common in adolscence femals, in which a person restricts food intake to become significally underweight and yet they still feel fat

eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating followed by vomiting, laxatie use, fasting or excessive exercise

• cosist of 4 stages of bodily reaction:
• -excitement
• -plateau
• -orgasm
• -resolution

resting period after orgasm, during which a male cannot be aroused to another orgasm

problem such as erectile dysfunciotn, premature ejaculation, adn orgasmic disorder, that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

sex hormone secreted in greater amounts by females than males

sex hormone secrted in greater amounts by males than by females

a persons enduring attraction to members of either the same or opposite gender

• ** could be painting and get so into it you lose track of time
• state of focused consciousness on a task that optimally engages a person's skills, often accompanied by a diminished awareness of self and time

subfield of psychology that studies and advises on issues related to optimizing behavior in work-places

subfield of industrialorganizational psych that applies psychological methods and principles to the selection and evaluation of workers

subfield of I/O that explores how work environments and managements styles affect worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity

one in whch an interviewer asks the same job related quesions of all interviewers, who are then rated on establishe evaluation scales

a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people or ideas and for attaining a high standar

setting standards, organizing work, and focusing attention on goals

group oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict and offers support

the mental activity associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating info

mental grouping of similar objects, events and people

step by step procdure that guarantees a solution

best example of a particular category

simple strategies, rule of thumb short cuts

• a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.
• ** when something you can't remember suddenly pop in your head**

search for info that confirms our ideas

an inability to approach a problem in a new way

the tendency to continue applying a particular problem-solving strategy even when it is no longer helpful

type of fixation in which a person can think of things only in terms of their usual functions

* go look for a screw driver even if dime could have done the job

tendency to judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they conform to ones prototype

based on estimating the probability of certain event in terms of how readily they come to mind

the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's belifs and judgements

the way an issue or question is posed

the tendency for a person's preexisting beliefs to distort his/her logical reasoning

tendency for people to cling to a particular belief even after the info that led to the formation of belief is discredited

spoken, written, or gesture word's and how we combined them to communicate meaning

• smallest distinctive sound
• ---CHAT----
• has 3 phenonmes CH-A-T

• smallest unit of language that convey meaning
• ---UNDESIRABLES---
• has 4 morphemes
• UN-DESIR-ABLE-S

a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

aspect of grammar that specifies the rules used to derive meaning from morphemes words, and sentences in a given language

rules for combining words in grammatically sensible sentences in a given languages

begins around 4 months, cHaracterized by spontaneous utterance of speech sound

1-2 years children speak mostly in single words

two word sentences

economical, telegramlike speech of children in 2-word stage

Bemjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

statistical procedure that identifies factors or clusters of elated items, that seem to define a common ability

• * g factor
• factor that underlies the various clusters

low intelligence score, yet posses one exceptional ability

ability to perceive manage, understand, and use emotions

an ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

measure people's mental aptitiudes and compare them to others through numerical scores

concept of Binet, the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

Lewis Terman's widely used revision of Binet's original intelligence test

designed to predict future performance

measure of a person's curren knowledge

most widely used intellignece test contains 11 subtest and yields seperate verbal and performance intelligence score

process of defining meaningful scores by companson with a pretested standardization group

bell shaped curve that represents the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes

test produce consistency

test measure what it was designed to measure

behavior, test taps the pertinent behavior

aka road test because the test faces the actually task you'll have to do to become a driver

the behavior that test is designed to predict

the extent to which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict

IQ below 70, difficult adapting to normal demands of independent living

severe retardation from reult of the extra 212 chomrosome

proportion of variation among indiviuduals in a trait that is attributed to gentic factors

the phenomenon in which a person's concern that he/she will be evaluted based on negative sterotype is actually followed by a lower performance

relatively permanent changing an organism's behaviors due to experience

learning by watching and limiting the behaviors of others

process of watching and then imitating a specific behavior and is thus an important means through which observational learning occurs

found in brain's frontal lobe, may be neural basis for observational learning. These neurons generate impulses when certain actions are performed on when another individual who performs those actions is observed

opposite of antisocial, positive, helpful, and constructive is subject to the same principles of observational learning as is undesirable behavior, such as aggresion

organisms learn certain events occur together

type of learning for which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished stimuli followed by a punisher

occurs as autonomic response to some stimulus

behavior that operateson the environment, producing consequences

behaviors followed by favorable consequences are likely to reoccur and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become lesslikely

an experiment chamber for operant conditioning fo an animal such as a pigeon or rat (skinner box)

establishing a new ressponse by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior

any event that strenthens the behavior it follows

presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after that response

ex) cookie after obey

strenthens a response by removing an aversive stimulus after that response

ex) take something away to get desired behavior

inborn and do not depend on learning

stimuli that acquire their reinforcing power through their association with primary reinforcement, are learned

operant procedure of reinforcing the desired response everytime it occurs

*continually*

operant procedure of reinforcing a response intermmittenly

reinforcement is presented after a set number of responses

*people paid on commission

• reinforcement is presented after a varying number of responses
• *slot machines

• response is reinforced after a specificied time has elapsed
• *check to see mail, when usually comes around same time everyday

responses are reinforced after varying intervals of time

*when text messages come in

presentation of an aversive stimulus such as shock, which decreases the behavior it follows

mental picture of one' s environment

learning that becomes apparent only when there is some incentive to demonstrate it

the desire to perform a behavior for its own aske, rather than for some external reason, and to be effective

desire to perform a behavior in order ot obtain a reward or to avoid a punishment

type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes capable fo triggering a conditioned response after having become associated with unconditioned stimuli

view that psychology should be an objective science that studies only observable behaviors without reference to mental processess

unlearned, involuntary response to undconditioned stimuli

ex. slavation

stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers the reflexive undcontioned stimulis

ex. dog food

learned response ot a previous neutral conditined stimulus, which results from acquired association between CS and US

ex. salvation

an orginally neutral stimulus htat comes to trigger a CR after associatioon with an undconditoined stimulus

ex. bell noise

the initial stage of conditioning in which the new response is established and gradually strenthened

weakening of a CR when the CS is no longer followed by the US

reappearance of an extinguished CR after a rest period

the tendency once a response has been conditioined, for stimuli similar to the CS evoke a CR

ability to distinguished the CS from similar stimuli that do not signal a US

our awareness fo ourselves/environments

periodic fluctuations in our body's psysiological states

any regular bodily rhythm, such as body temp and sleepwakefullness, follows 24hf cycle

sleep stage whcih brain and eyes are active, muscles are relaxed, vivid dreams occurs "paradoxical sleep"

relatively slow brain waves characterisitic of an awake, relaxed state

natural, periodic, reversible loss of consciousness body/mind depend on healthy functioning

large, slow brian waves associated with deep sleep

sleep disorder, person regularly has difficulty falling/staying asleep

victims suffers sudden uncontrollable sleep attacks, directly entering REM sleep

person ceases breathing wile asleep, briefly arouses a gasp for air, falls back to sleep, and repeats

episodeds fo high arousal with apparent horror (usually in stage 4 sleep)

vivid sequences of images, emotions, and thoughts , the most vivid occur in REM sleep

remebered storyline

underlying but sensored meaning of a dream

chemical substances that alter mood and perception, work by affecting or mimicking activity of neurotransmitters

phsyiolgical need for a drug that is indicated by the presense of withdrawal sympotms when the drug is not taken

psychological need to use a drug

compulsive craving for a drug despite adverse consequences and withdrawal sympotms

alcohol, opiates, barbituates

reduce neural activity and slow body function

depressants sometimes used to induce sleep and reduce anxiety

depressants derived from opiatium poppy, reduce neural activity and temporarily lessen pain and anxiety

excite neural activity and speed up body funciton

caffeine, nicotine, amphetiamines, cocaine

stimulant, speed up body funciton and neural activity

powerfully addictive stimulant that speeds up body functions and is associated with energy and mood changes

• stimulant and hallucinogen,
• produces short term euphoria by increasing serotonin levels in the brain

powerful hallucinogen capable of porducing vivid, false perpceptions and disorganizaiton fo though and processes, blocks serotonin

an altered state of consciousness that has been reported by some people who have close brush with death

philosophical belief that the mind and body are distinct entities

belief that midn and body are different aspects of the same thing

major active ingredient in weed, classified as mild

bottom up processing, detect through sense, we see, feel touch

top-down processing, use experience and expectations to interpret what we sensed

begins with senses, then brain inteprets

infor processing guided by a higher level mental processes

minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time

precisely how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus

stimulus that is below abosolute threshold for conscious awareness

activation fo an association by an imperceptible stimulus, teh effect of which is to predispose a perception, memory, or response

* listen all words that make you think "chair"

the minimum difference between two stimuli that a person can detect 50% of the time

just noticeable difference between 2 stimuli is a constant minimum proportion of the stimulus

the decrease in sensititivity that occurs with continued exposure to an unchanging stimulus

* move watch up wrist, will feel for a second

focussing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus out of all of those that we are capable of experiencing

* you don't pay attention to feeling of chair when watching movie

light enters through and protects eye and bends light so we can focus

color part, controlling sizing of pupil to optimize amount of light that enters the eye

transparent structure behind pupil changes shape to foccs images on the retina

adjustable opening in the iris, allows light to enter,

light sensitive inner surface of eye, contains the rods and cones, which tranduce light energy to neural impulses

region of retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye, contains no rod or cones, meanning there is no vision there

bundle of nerve fibers, carries neural impulses from retina to brain

conversion of one form of energy into another

*transferring sights, sounds, smells into neural impulses that our brain can interpret

distance from one wave peak to the next, determines the color we see (hue)

amount of energy in light waves, influences brightness

sharpness of vision

distant objects are seen clearly but nearby objects are blurred because light rays reflecting form tehm strike the retina before converging

nearby objects are blurry

concentrate on periphory of retina, function well in dim light

enable color vision

retina's point of central focus, contains only cones, images focussed here are clearest

nerve cells that selectively respond ot specific visual features such as moement shopre or angle

info processing in which several aspects of a stimulus, such as light or sound are preocessed simultaneously

mantains that the retina contains red-green-and blue sensitive color receptors that in combo can produce perception of any color.

maintians that color vision depends on pairs of oppsong retical process.

perception that familir objects have consistent color despite changes an illumination that shifts wavelengths that reflect

sound wave passing through auditory canal are brought to a point of focus at the eardrum

lying between outer and middle ear, this memebrane vibrates and inner eat, this air-filled chamber contains the hammer, anvil, and sturrip

• tiny bones of middle ear concentrate the ear drums vibrations on the conchlea's oval window
• 

contains semiciraclar canals and conchlea which inclueds receptors that transduce sound energy into neural impulse

sense of hearing

sound deterined by frequency (numer of wavelenghts) that can pass a point in a given time

chamber between eardrum and conchlea contain hammer, anvil, stirrup that concentrate eardrums vibrations on conchlea's oval window

coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube of inner ear where the transduction of sound waves into neural impulses occur

we hear different pitches because sound waves of various frequent trigger activity at different places on conchlea's basiliar membrane

rate, or frequency of nerve impulses in the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

problems with the mechanical system that condcuts sound waves to the chochlea

hearing loss caused by damage to the auditory nerve due to disease, aging or prolonged expose ot ear-splitting noise

an electronic device that converts sound into electrical signals that stimulate the auditory nerve

• spinal cord contains a neurological "gate' that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain
• OPEN: by activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers
• CLOSED: by activity in large fibers or info from the brain

principle that one sense may influence another

• sense of the position and movement of the parts of the body
• Parts

• sense of body movement and position included the sense of balance
• movement

fertilized egg

the developing prenatal human from 9 weeks after conception to birth

any drugs, virsuses, or other substances that cross the mother's placenta and can harm the development of the embryo

physical and congitive abnormalities that heavy drinking by a pregnant woman may cause int eh developing child

when newborn cheek is stroked, it's tendency to turn toward the touch and search for the nipple

decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus that is repreatedly represented

the biological growht processess that enable orderly change in behavior and are relatively uninfluenced by experience or other environmental factors

mental concepts or frameworks that organize and interpret info

• interpreting a new experience in terms of existing schemas
• ** any four legged animal is a dog

• taking new stimuli and understanding to make new infor
• **a doggie is different than a kittie

all the mental processess associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

2 infant gain knowledge of world through senses and their motor activites

develops during sensory motor stage, awaremness that things do not cease to exist when not perceived

2 to 6 years, language development is rapid, child unable to understand mental operations to understand concrete logic

principle that number, volume, mass remain constant despite changes in the forms of objects

* tall glass, short glass

• children have difficulity considering other's viewpoint,
• they believe everyone thinks the same way they do

thinking about others thinking

disorder, marked by deficiences in communication, social interction, and theory of mind

6-11 children canthink logically about concrete events and objects

starts age 12, think logically about abstract concepts

fear of strangers (8 months)

emotional tie with another person

limited time shortly after birth, an organism must be exposed to certain experiences or influences to develop properly

process by which certain animals form attachments during a limited crticial period early in life

a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy

person's sense of identity and personal worth

puberty to adulthood

sexual maturation

reproductive organs

all physical changes not used for reproduction, hips, pubic hair, deeper voice, breast

first period

people of different ages are compared to each other

same people are tested and retested over a period of years

vocab, general knowledge, relfect accumulated learning, increases with age

a person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly (decreases with age)

study of genetic and environmental influence on behavior

made of DNA molecules, thread like, 23 from Mom 23 from Dad

biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes

complex molecules containing the genetic info that makes up chromosomes

complete set of genetic instructions for an organisms make-up

person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

• evolutionary principle that traits that cotnribute to reproduction and survival are more likely to be passed down
• *survival of the fittest*

random errors in gene replication

amplified recording of the waves of electrical brain activites

measure the level of activities of different areas of the brain by tracing glucose consumption

uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produc computer-generated images that show brain structor more clearly

reveal blood flow and brain anatomy and function

oldest part, direct automatic survival functionings

controls breathing and heart beat

nerve network, plays a role in controlling arousal

routes incoming messages to the appopriate cortical centers and transmits replies to teh medulla nad cerebellum

sensory input and balance, coordination

associated with emotion, fear, aggression

fear, aggression small

• regulates hunger, thirst, body temp, sex, helps govern endoctrine system
• *reward center of brain

bark, think intricate covering,

provides nutrience and insulates myelin, helps remove excess ions

behind forehead, involved in speaking, musclemovements, plans and judgements

between frontal and occipital lobes, sensory

side of brain, contain auditory area and recieves info from ears

• Blue: Frontal
• Green: Temporal
• Yellow: Parietal
• PInk: Occipital

located back and frontal lobe, controls voluntary movement

located at front and parietal, behind motor, regulates body touch and movement

impairment oflanguage as result to Broca and Wernicke

• Broca's Area:
• helps with speaking, forming words

• Wernicke's Area:
• Involved in understanding, comprehending speech

the brain's capacity for modification, as evidence by brain reorganization following damage

• large band of neural fibers that linkst he riht and left cerebral hemispheres
• "split brain"

busy, branches, receives messages from nerve cells

the extension of a neuron that sends impulses to nother nerve cells or to muscles or glands

fatty tissue that covers axons and helps speed neural impulse

neural impulse generated by movement of pistively charged atoms in/out of chanels of axon's membrain

level of stimulation must be exceeded for a neuron to fire

muscle action/movement, attention, arousal, memory

*too little causes alzheimers

natural, opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure

• mood, emotion, arousal, learning
• *too little Parkinson's
• *too much Schizophrenia
• *linked wiht cocaine nad amphetamines

• mood, arousal, learning
• *too little, depression

• sleep, hunger, agression, arousal
• *too little, depression
• *too much, anxiety, inhibit dreaming

• inhibitory effect on axon's
• sleep, movement
• * too little Huntingtons disease,seizures
• *alcohol increases GABA

• excitatory effect on axons/neurons
• alcohol blocks glutamate

fun, creative, artsy, music

structure, language and logical math reasoning

brain, spinal cord

• sensor and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to body's receptors, muscles and glands,
• splits into autonomic and somatic nevous systems

• self-regulated action
• breathing
• controls internal functioning

voluntary control of skeletal muscles

arousing, alert, flight or fight

calming, conserves energy,

• under influence of hypothalamus, regulats growth and controls endoctrine system
• "master gland"

produce epinephrine and nonepinephrine, hormoones that prepare body to deal with emergencies or stress

chemical messengers, manufactored by endoctrine glands, produced in one tissue and circulate through the blood stream to to their target tissues