Which of the two phases does the cell remain in the longest?
Interphase 70% to 80%
What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?
Chromatin- Unwound relaxed DNA
Chromosomes- Condensed wound DNA
When would you find DNA in the form of chromatin during the cell cycle?
Interphase
When would you find DNA in the form of chromosomes during the cell cycle?
Cell Division
Why does the chromatin condense into chromosomes?
Easier to divide
What are three subphases of Interphase?
G1: This is the first growth phase. The cell synthesizes proteins and produces cytoplasm organisms.
S: This is the synthesis phase. The cell grows while it copies its chromosomes.
G2: This is the second growth phase. The cell begins the assembly of the spindle.
What happens during S phase of interphase?
DNA replication
When during the cell cycle are sister chromatids produced?
S subphase of interphase
Is mitosis sexual or asexual cellular reproduction?
Sexual
Are the daughter cells identical or unique from the parent cell after mitosis?
Identical
How many daughter cells are produces during mitosis?
Two
What is the definition of mitosis?
Nuclear Division
What is the definition of cytokinesis?
Division of the cytoplasm
What are the four phases of mitosis (nuclear division) in order?
PMAT: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
What is the function of the centrioles during cell division?
To guide cell division
During which phase does the nuclear membrane break down and the chromatin condense into chromosomes?
Prophase
During which stage do the chromosomes line up?
Metaphase
During which phase are the chromatids pulled apart?
Anaphase
What cell structure is involved in pulling the chromatids apart?
Spidle Fibers
During what phase does the nuclear envelope re-form around the pulled apart chromatids?
Telephase
If you looked under a microscope at a cell during interphase would you see chromosomes? If not, then when would you see chromosomes?
No they are chromatids/ Prophase
The cell cycle for animal and plant cells are all the same except for the last stage of cell dicision (cytokinesis). What does a place cell form that you wouldnt find in an animal cell?
Plant Cell- cell plate
Animal Cell- cleavage furrow
Show animal cell undergoing Mitosis Cell Division
Show animal cell undergoing Mitosis Cell Division (2)
Show plant cell undergoing Mitosis Cell Division
What is the definition of meiosis?
Produce sex cells (sperm and egg)
What type of cells are produced after meiotic cell division?
Gametes
Where (in the human body) would meiotic cell division occur?
ovaries and testes
What does the term "gonad" mean? What are the female gonads? What are the male gonads?
primary reproductive organs
How many daughter cells are produced by meiosis?
4
Are those daughter cells identical or unique compared to the parent cell?
unique
What does "diploid number" of chromosomes mean?
The number of chromosomes you get from both
What does "haploid number" of chromosomes mean?
Number of chromosomes from each parent
After mitosis, would the daughter cells be haploid or diploid?
Diploid
After meiosis, would the daughter cells be haploid and diploid?
Haploid
What is a gamete?
Sex Cell
What are two examples of gametes that humans produce?
Sperm and egg
Does fusion of the haploid gametes produce a diploid or haploid cell?
Diploid
What is a fertilized egg called?
Zygote (Diploid)
When during the human life cycle is the diploid number of chromosomes restored?
During fertilization
How many cell divisions occur during meisois?
2
What are the four phases of nuclear division during meiosis I?
Prophase I
What are the four phases of nuclear division during meiosis II?
PMAT II... Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telephase II
What are homologous chromosomes?
Same traits
How many pairs of homologous chromosomes do humans have?
23 pairs
What are the activities that occur during Prophase I?
Crossing over
How are the homologous chromosomes lined up during Metaphase I?
Side by side
When homologous chromosomes are next to each other (side by side) during Metaphase I, what is that arrangement referred to as?
Tetrad
What happens to the homologous chromosomes during Anaphase I?
Pulled apart
How many daughter cells are produced after Meiosis I (the first cell division)?
2
Are those daughter cells (from Meiosis I) diploid or haplod cells?
Haploid
What happens to the chromosomes in Metaphase II? At this point, do any of the chromosomes have their complementary homologous?
Pulled apart (no pairs)
How is Anaphase II similar to Anaphase from Mitosis?
Sister chromosomes pulled apart
After Telophase II and cytokinesis II, how many daughter cells have been produced?
4
Are the daughter cells haploid or diploid compared to the original parent cell?
Haploid
Do any of the daughter cells from meiosis contain the same sequence of DNA?
NO
Breifly explain "nondisjunction".
Failed to separate properly
What does "aneuploid" mean?
Wrong number of chromosomes
What is a "karyotype?"
A picture of chromosomes
How many sex chromosomes are found in a normal human karyotype?
2 sex chromosomes (xx or xy)
How many autosomes are found in a normal human karyotype?
44
Karyotyping can be used to show ___________ chromosomes.
B. The number and shape of
The improper separation of chromosomes during cell division id called _____________
C. Nondisjunction
In human ABO blood types the alleles for A and B are said to be _____________ because they are both expressed when a person had Bood Type AB.
Codominant
A human sperm cell receives autosomes and
C. Either an X or a Y chromosome
If a person can have just two alleles of a particular gene and it is known that some persons have yet another different alleles of this gene, then this is an example of ___________
B. Multiple allelism (multiple alleles)
When the expression of a trait is influenced by the action of many sets of genes, the pattern of inheritance is ____________
B. Polygenic inheritance
Codominance occurs when _________________
A. Both alleles in a heterozygote are expressed phenotypically in an individual
A recessive allele is one
B. Whose effect is masked by a dominant allele
If in a heterozygous individual, only one allele is expressed in the phenotype, that allele is ___________
A. Dominant
The ________ of an organism is the genetic makeup (allele combination coding for a trait) of that organism, and then ______ of an organism refers to its physical traits.
Genotype/ phenotype
In plea plants, the allele for purple flowers (P) is dominant to the allele (p) for white flowers. In a cross between a purple flowered plant and a white flowered plant, all 73 of the offspring plants had purple flowers. Which of the following most likey describes the cross above?
D. PP x pp
What are the possible gametes for an individual who has blood type A, genotype Ao? _____________
A and o
What are the possible gametes for an individual who has blood type B, gentotype Bo? _____________
B and o
What are the possible gametes for an individual whith blood type o? __________
o
What are the possible gametes for an individual with bloody type AB? _____________
A and B
What type of antibodies would be made for a person who has blood type A?
B
What type of antibodies would be made for a person who has blood type B?
A
What type of antibodies would be made for a person who has blood type AB?
None
What type of antibodies would be made for a person who has blood type O?
A and B
What are the possible blood types for the offspring when a person with blood type O mates with a person with blood type A (which is heterozygous)? Show your work with a punnett square!
_______
If tall is dominant to short and purple flower is dominant to white flower:
a. What is the genotype of a homozygous tall plant that is heterozygous for flower color?
b. What is the genotype of a heterozygous tall plant that has white flowers?
a. Bb AA
b. Aa bb
What type of pattern of inheritance is demonstrated when a heterozgote demonstrates a phenotype that is intermediate between alleles? ________________
Incomplete
What traits are autosomal dominant? What traits are autosomal recessive? What traits are sex linked recessive? Focus on the human disorders.
*huntington disease
*sickle cell anemia
*color blindness
*hemophilia
If a trait is autsomal recessive, then is it possible for two people who are affected with the trait to produce offspring that do not have the trait? Draw a small pedigree to illustrate. Label the genotypes for all individuals included
aa Affected
aa Affected
Not possible
If a trait is autsomal dominant, then is it possible for two people who are affected with the trait to produce offspring that do not have the trait? Draw a small pedigree to illustrate. Label the genotypes for all individuals included