Music 109

The age of political revolutions, such as that of Napoleon Bonaparte

Beethoven

in 1820, at age 50

• (until 1800)
• - Assimilation and finding personal voice
• - Builds on Classical style of Haydn and Mozart

• (1800-1818)
• - Heroic style (Eroica and Fifth Sympthony)

• (1818-1827)
• - More abstract, introspective, serene

Haydn

Beethoven's piece written to portray his admiration for Napoleon's bravery. Originally was called Bonaparte, until Napoleon declared himself emperor

music that mirrored ones inner feeling

• Italian tempo - meaning robbed time
• refers to the flexible handling of rhythm as it speeds up and slows down
• It allows for individual expressivity

much more emotional than before with a wider melodic range

new chords and progressions, use all of 12 notes in chromatic scale

Grew much bigger and composers had much more freedom

Scherzo

Substitutes for the minuet with a more humerous mood and a much faster tempo

• Nonvocal music written in association with a literary source
• Tells a story, paints a mood

Inner form is more important than outer form

• Pieces that last only a few minutes, mostly songs and short piano pieces
• Convey a particular, momentary emotion

• Larger and longer works, with more instruments
• often blended poetry, philisophical or religious idease, and drama

Use one theme throughout entire work, constantly manipulating it

• German song, important Romantic miniature genre
• Romantic song with piano, that echoes the poem's meaning

use the same music for all stanzas, often when stanzas are all similar in construction

• Use different music for each stanza
• Often used for poems with frequent changes of mood or voice

• Earliest master of the Lied
• died at age 31 from typhoid epidemic
• Vienna

Demon that takes the child from his father on the horse, father cannot see him

a group of songs with a common theme

• Piano virtuoso
• Wrote music for piano, orchestra, and chamber
• Founded the New music Journal
• Attempted suicide

short piano piees meant to portray a distinct mood or character like a Lied, but without words

• Pianist of miraculous ability and delicacy
• earned ravews from Schumann at age 20
• composed explusively for piano
• Died of TB at age 38

• Chopin wrote these as night pieces
• singing quality, with melodic decorations in relaxed rubato

Instrumental music associated with poems, stories

• Hungarian composer who played for Beethoven at age 11
• Virtuoso pianist based in paris
• Second career as a conductor in Wimar

a one-movement orchestral work with a program

• Single-movement orchestral work for concert performance
• often based on a play, long poem, or novel

• Upper-class family of bankers
• successful composer, pianist, organist, conductor, and educator
• Founded leipzig Conservatory

• Wrote unprecedented program symphonies
• inspired by literature (Shakespeare, Virgil)
• Toured as a conductor of his own music
• Wrote treatises on orchestration and conducting

• Romantic's most grandiose orchestral genre
• An entire symphony with a program

• "fixed idea" - a term popular in medical literature of the day
• Using the same idea but augmenting it

no longer for entertainment, it is taken quite seriously

• Wrote Rigoletto
• Elected Deputy to the first Italian Parliament
• All of Italy mourned his death at age 88
• Son of small town storekeeper in north Italy

• Greatest Italian Romantic opera composer
• Cared most about drama
• Real people, real situations, real emotions

• No longer an apt term
• Highly dramatic action music
• verges on full-fledged melody

• formally complete and distinct
• Often use simple strophic form

• Composed by Verdi
• based on a play by Victor Hugo
• About a hunchbacked court jester

• Written for Cairo opera house
• One of the most frequently performed operas
• Tragic love triangle in time of war

• Must influential Romantic composer after Beethoven
• Developed elaborate theories on art, music, and opera
• Found arias hopelessly artificial
• Though opera had degenerated to "concert in costume"

• Born in Leipzig
• began career as an opera conductor
• Gained support of King Ludwig II of Bavaria
• Built his own opera house in Bayreuth specifically for his "music dramas"

• First marriage ended in divorce
• Affair with the poet Mathilde Wesendonck
• Second marriage to Cosima Liszt (daughter of Franz Liszt)
• Half con man, half visionary

• Wagner's new kind of opera
• Based on concept of music, poetry, drama, and philosophy all being equally important
• Based on old German myths and legends

• Guiding, or leading motives
• Associated with a person, thing, idea, or symbol in the drama
• made use of thematic transformation

• Huge four-opera cycle
• Drawn from Norse legends
• Critique of middle-class values of the day

• Music not a "respecable" career
• Professor at Moscow Conservatory
• Subsidized by wealthy recluse
• studied at St. Petersburg conservatory

• Single-movement orchestra work for concert performance
• often based on play, long peom, or novel

Composers often evoked sounds of cultures other than their own

There were struggles for independence throughout Europe, and a growing consciousness of national character

• The most radical of the fire Russion nationalists
• Wrote operas, songs, program works
• held military and clerical positions
• Unstable personality, filled with doubts
• Died at 42 from alcoholism and epilepsy

• In 1850, Romantic music began to seem out of place
• moved in different direction

• Son of a bassist in Hamburg
• Started musical studies at age 7
• Later played piano in taverns
• Befriended the Schumanns at age 20
• Opposed to Wagner's music

• Born into dysfunctional family
• Musical training at Vienna conservatory
• Pursued career as a conductor
• Did not write opera
• Wrote huge symphonies