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During what period did Beethoven compose his works
The age of political revolutions, such as that of Napoleon Bonaparte
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Who was the most significant figure in music history?
Beethoven
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Beethoven became totally death in what year, and at what age?
in 1820, at age 50
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Beethoven's first period
- (until 1800)
- - Assimilation and finding personal voice
- - Builds on Classical style of Haydn and Mozart
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Beethoven's second period
- (1800-1818)
- - Heroic style (Eroica and Fifth Sympthony)
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Beethoven's third period
- (1818-1827)
- - More abstract, introspective, serene
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Who was Beethoven a studen of?
Haydn
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Eroica
Beethoven's piece written to portray his admiration for Napoleon's bravery. Originally was called Bonaparte, until Napoleon declared himself emperor
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Romantic music
music that mirrored ones inner feeling
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Rubato
- Italian tempo - meaning robbed time
- refers to the flexible handling of rhythm as it speeds up and slows down
- It allows for individual expressivity
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Romantic melody
much more emotional than before with a wider melodic range
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Romantic harmony
new chords and progressions, use all of 12 notes in chromatic scale
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Romantic orchestra
Grew much bigger and composers had much more freedom
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Beethoven replaced the Minuet with the...
Scherzo
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Scherzo
Substitutes for the minuet with a more humerous mood and a much faster tempo
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Program Music
- Nonvocal music written in association with a literary source
- Tells a story, paints a mood
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Form of Romantic music
Inner form is more important than outer form
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Miniature compositions
- Pieces that last only a few minutes, mostly songs and short piano pieces
- Convey a particular, momentary emotion
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Grandiose compositions
- Larger and longer works, with more instruments
- often blended poetry, philisophical or religious idease, and drama
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Thematic transformation
Use one theme throughout entire work, constantly manipulating it
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Lied
- German song, important Romantic miniature genre
- Romantic song with piano, that echoes the poem's meaning
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Strophic songs
use the same music for all stanzas, often when stanzas are all similar in construction
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Through-Composed songs
- Use different music for each stanza
- Often used for poems with frequent changes of mood or voice
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Franz Schubert
- Earliest master of the Lied
- died at age 31 from typhoid epidemic
- Vienna
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Erlking
Demon that takes the child from his father on the horse, father cannot see him
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Song Cycle
a group of songs with a common theme
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Robert Schumann
- Piano virtuoso
- Wrote music for piano, orchestra, and chamber
- Founded the New music Journal
- Attempted suicide
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Character piece
short piano piees meant to portray a distinct mood or character like a Lied, but without words
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Frederic Chopin
- Pianist of miraculous ability and delicacy
- earned ravews from Schumann at age 20
- composed explusively for piano
- Died of TB at age 38
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Nocturne
- Chopin wrote these as night pieces
- singing quality, with melodic decorations in relaxed rubato
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Program Music
Instrumental music associated with poems, stories
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Franz Liszt
- Hungarian composer who played for Beethoven at age 11
- Virtuoso pianist based in paris
- Second career as a conductor in Wimar
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Symphonic Poems
a one-movement orchestral work with a program
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Concert Overture
- Single-movement orchestral work for concert performance
- often based on a play, long poem, or novel
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Felix Mendelssohn
- Upper-class family of bankers
- successful composer, pianist, organist, conductor, and educator
- Founded leipzig Conservatory
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Hector Berlioz
- Wrote unprecedented program symphonies
- inspired by literature (Shakespeare, Virgil)
- Toured as a conductor of his own music
- Wrote treatises on orchestration and conducting
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Program Symphony
- Romantic's most grandiose orchestral genre
- An entire symphony with a program
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Idee fixe
- "fixed idea" - a term popular in medical literature of the day
- Using the same idea but augmenting it
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Romantic Opera
no longer for entertainment, it is taken quite seriously
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Giuseppe Verdi
- Wrote Rigoletto
- Elected Deputy to the first Italian Parliament
- All of Italy mourned his death at age 88
- Son of small town storekeeper in north Italy
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Verdi
- Greatest Italian Romantic opera composer
- Cared most about drama
- Real people, real situations, real emotions
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Recitative
- No longer an apt term
- Highly dramatic action music
- verges on full-fledged melody
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Arias
- formally complete and distinct
- Often use simple strophic form
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Rigoletto
- Composed by Verdi
- based on a play by Victor Hugo
- About a hunchbacked court jester
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Aida
- Written for Cairo opera house
- One of the most frequently performed operas
- Tragic love triangle in time of war
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Richard Wagner
- Must influential Romantic composer after Beethoven
- Developed elaborate theories on art, music, and opera
- Found arias hopelessly artificial
- Though opera had degenerated to "concert in costume"
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Wagner...
- Born in Leipzig
- began career as an opera conductor
- Gained support of King Ludwig II of Bavaria
- Built his own opera house in Bayreuth specifically for his "music dramas"
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Wagner....
- First marriage ended in divorce
- Affair with the poet Mathilde Wesendonck
- Second marriage to Cosima Liszt (daughter of Franz Liszt)
- Half con man, half visionary
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Music Drama
- Wagner's new kind of opera
- Based on concept of music, poetry, drama, and philosophy all being equally important
- Based on old German myths and legends
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Leitmotives
- Guiding, or leading motives
- Associated with a person, thing, idea, or symbol in the drama
- made use of thematic transformation
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Ring of the Nibelung
- Huge four-opera cycle
- Drawn from Norse legends
- Critique of middle-class values of the day
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Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
- Music not a "respecable" career
- Professor at Moscow Conservatory
- Subsidized by wealthy recluse
- studied at St. Petersburg conservatory
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Concert Overture
- Single-movement orchestra work for concert performance
- often based on play, long peom, or novel
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Exoticism
Composers often evoked sounds of cultures other than their own
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Nationalism
There were struggles for independence throughout Europe, and a growing consciousness of national character
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Modest Mussorgsky
- The most radical of the fire Russion nationalists
- Wrote operas, songs, program works
- held military and clerical positions
- Unstable personality, filled with doubts
- Died at 42 from alcoholism and epilepsy
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Romanticism fading
- In 1850, Romantic music began to seem out of place
- moved in different direction
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Johannes Brahms
- Son of a bassist in Hamburg
- Started musical studies at age 7
- Later played piano in taverns
- Befriended the Schumanns at age 20
- Opposed to Wagner's music
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Gustav Mahler
- Born into dysfunctional family
- Musical training at Vienna conservatory
- Pursued career as a conductor
- Did not write opera
- Wrote huge symphonies
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