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Obligate anareobes
Organisms that grow only in the absence of oxygen, avoid the gas by living in highly reduced environments such as soil.
They use fermentative processes to satisfy their energy requirements.
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Aerotolerant anaerobes
Depend on fermentation for their energy needs, possess detoxifying enzymes and antioxidant molecules that protect against oxygen's toxic producsts.
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Facultative anaerobes
Not only possess the mechanics needed for detoxifying oxygen metabolites, they can also generate energy by using oxygen as an electron acceptor when the gas is present.
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Obligate aerobes
Are highly dependent on oxygen for energy production
They protect themselves from the potentially dangerous consequences of exposure to oxygen with elaborate mechanisms composed of enzymes and antioxidant molecules.
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Use oxygen to generate energy, employ the biochemical processes: CAC, Electron Transport Pathway & Oxidative phosphorylation
Facultative anaerobes and obligate aerobes.
In eukaryotes these processes occur within the mito.
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Citric Acid Cycle
- is a metabolic pathway in which 2 carbon fragments derived from organic fuel molecules are oxidized to form CO.
- the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD are reduced to form NADH and FADH2, which act as electron carriers.
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ETC= Electron Transport Chain
Is a mechanism by which electrons are transferred from reduced coenzymes to an acceptor (Q2)
In oxidative phosphorylation, the energy released by electron transprot is captured in the form of a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP, the energy currency of living orgnaisms.
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Redox reactions occur when electrons are transferred between an electron donor (reducing agent) and an electron acceptor (oxidizing agent).
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Reduction potential
the tendency for a specific substance to gain electrons
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Redox coenzymes
The coenzyme forms of the vitamin molecules nicotonic acid and riboflavin are universal electron carriers.
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Nicotinic Acid
- - There are two coenzyme forms of nicotinic acid:
- 1) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
- 2) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)
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NAD and NADPs oxidized and reduced forms are......
oxidized: NAD+ and NADP+
reduced: NADH and NADPH
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NAD+ and NADP+ carry _______ for several enzymes in a group known as _________________.
- 1) Electrons
- 2) Dehydrogenases
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Dehydrogenase
- - They catalyze hydride transfer reactions
- - Many dehydrogenases that catalyze reactions involved in energy generation use the coenzyme NADH
- -The enzymes that require NADPH usually catalyze biosynthetic reactions
- - A small number of dehydrogenases can use either NADH or NADPH
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Alcohol dehydronase catalyzes the reversible oxidation of ethanol to form acetaldehyde.
CH 3CH 2OH + NAD + <-------> CH 3COH + NADH + H+
- - During this reactions NAD+ accepts a hydride ion from ethanol, the substrate molecule undergoing oxidation.
- - The product depronates to form the acetaldehyde molecule.
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Riboflavin
- Vitamin B2 is a component of 2 coenzymes:
- 1) Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
- 2) Flavin adenin dinucleotide (FAD)
FMN and FAD function as tightly bound prosthetic groups in a class of enzymes known as the flavoproteins.
Flavoproteins are a diverse group of catalysts: they funciton as dehydrogenases, oxidases, and hydroxylases.
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Flavoprotein
Succinate dehydrogenase: it catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to form fumerate, important in energy production.
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Electron flow and Energy
Electron flow may be used to generate and capture energy in aerobic respiration
Energy may also be used to drive electron flow in photosynthesis. (NADP+ is a more phosphorylated version of NAD+)
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Aerobic Metabolism
Most the aerobic cell's free energy is captured by the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC).
In this process, electrons are tranferred from a redox pair with a more negative potential (NADH/NAD+) to those with more positive reduction potentials.
The last component int he system is the H2O/ half of O2.
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