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Are all antiparasitic drugs for pets and livestock available by prescription only?
no-many are availale OTC - over the counter
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What does "OTC" mean?
over the counter - available without a prescription at grocery stores, pet stores, drug stores, etc.
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Why do veterinarians and LVTs need to know about OTC antiparasitic drugs?
owners will ask questions about them. also, pets can become poisoned by them
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List 3 reasons to use antiparasitic drugs.
- health of the patient
- productivity and performance - active, proper weight gain.
- zoonotic potential - prevent parasites from carrying disease to people.
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List 4 characteristics of the ideal antiparasitic drug.
- toxic to the parasite but not to the host
- does not induce resistnace in the parasite
- inexpensive
- easy to use
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List 4 principles of using antiparasitics.
- administer so drug reaches site of parasite
- know life cycle of parasite
- use with caution in debilitated, old, very young, or pregnant animals
- be familiar with the products in your practice
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Should all antiparasitics be given PO? Explain.
no. some are - for example, to treat for parasites in the gut lumen. some are not - for example, topical application for fleas.
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Is it important to know the life cycle of the flea in order to effectively treat your pet for fleas?
yes
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Do you need to become an expert in every type of antiparasitic drug available? Explain.
no - there are too many. you should, however, know the ones available in your practice very well
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Your client's 8 week old puppy has fleas. does she need to worry about her older dog getting fleas, too?
yes
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List the different formulations that antiparasitic drugs are available in.
- pill
- oral liquid
- injectable
- powder
- spray
- dip
- shampoo
- pour on
- spot on
- rub on
- collar
- tag
- rubbing bar
- dust bag
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What is an endoparasite drug?
drug used to treat parasites within the patient's body, such as roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, and strongyles
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What is an ectoparasite drug?
drugs used to treat parasites on the outside of the patient's body, such as fleas, ticks and mites
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What is an endectocide drug?
drugs used to kill both endoparasites and ectoparasites
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List 3 main classes of endoparasite drugs.
- antinematodal drugs
- anticestodal drugs
- antiprotozoal drugs
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What are nematodes? List 4 types of nematodes.
- worms that are round in cross section, unsegmented
- ascarids, hookworms, whipworms, strongyles
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What are cestodes?
tapeworms - flatworms - flat in cross section, segmented
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What are protozoa?
single celled organisms, include Coccidia, Giardia, Toxoplasma
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List 5 classes or types of antinematodal drugs.
macrolides (avermectins, milbemycins), benzimidazoles, pyrantel, piperazine, imidazothiazoles
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What 2 classes of drugs are subcategories of macrolides?
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List 2 types of avermectin drugs.
- ivermectin - Ivomec
- selamectin - Revolution
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List 2 types of milbemycin drugs used as antiparasitics
- milbemycin - Interceptor
- moxidectin - Quest
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List 2 types of milbemycin drugs used as antimicrobials.
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What is the mechanism of acction of the macrolide antiparasitic drugs?
stimulate the parasites' glutamate receptors - causes them to become paralyzed and die.
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Why aren't mammals affected by these drugs?
their glutamate receptors are protected by their blood-brain barrier.
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List some trade names of ivermectin
- Ivomec
- Heartgard
- Heartgard Plus
- Acarexx
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What breed of dog may have adverse reactions to ivermectin?
collies, collie crosses, certain other breeds (shetland, sheepdogs (shelties), australian shepherds, old english sheepdogs, german shepherds, long-haired whippets, silken windhounds, and a variety of mixed breed dogs
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List some of the adverse reactions to ivermectin that may occur in collies, etc.
- mydriasis
- ataxia
- depression
- salivation
- may progress to respiratory depression and death
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List 4 types of benzimidazoles.
- thiabendazole - Tresaderm
- oxibendazole
- mebendazole
- fenbendazole - Panacur
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List some trade names for pyrantel or product containing pyrantel.
- Nemex
- Strongid
- Heartgard Plus
- Drontal
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What color is pyrantel?
yellow
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How safe is pyrantel?
very safe
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Pyrantel treats what parasites in dogs and cats?
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Do pet owners usually obtain piperazine from a veterinary hospital or from a non-veterinary source?
non-veterinary source - grocery store, pet store, department store
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Piperazine treats what parasites in dogs and cats?
roundworms
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List 2 types of imidazothiazoles.
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What common product includes febantel?
Drontal Plus - praziquantel + pyrantel + febantel
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Name the 2 main types of anticestodal drugs.
praziquantel (Droncit, Drontal, Drontal Plus), epsiprantel (Cestex)
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List 5 types of antiprotozoal drugs, and the specific protozoa that they affect.
- sulfadimethoxine (Albon) - coccidia
- amprolium (Corid) - coccidia
- metronidazole (Flagyl) - giardia
- fenbendazole (Panacur) - giardia
- ponazuril (Marquis) - sarcocystis neurona
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