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describe the structure and fxn of the ovaries:
- primary sex organ
- produces eggs + hormones (estrogen/progesterone)
- each egg develops in its own follicle
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describe the structure and fxn of the fallopiean tubes:
- lots of smooth muscle
- contain cilia - beat toward the uterus
- fimbriae - projections
- infundibulum - "funnel", or trumpet shaped
- ampulla - middle part
- isthmus - narrow, near uterus
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describe the structure and fxn of the uterus:
- aka: womb
- thick musclar chamber
- location for fetal development and nutrition
- myometriummiddle muscluar layer
- smooth muscle
- produces labor contractions to expel infant
- endometriumstratum functionalis:outer 2/3rds - is shed each menstrual cycle
- stratum basalis: inner 1/3rd - regenerates a new functionalis; site of embryo attachment; forms the placenta from which infant is nurished
- cervix
- opening of uterus to vagina
- larger in pregancy
- cervical caner = common; dectetion- papsmear
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describe the structure and fxn of the vagina:
- 4" tube
- allows for menstral fluid discharge, recepiant of the penis and semen, and birth pathway for infant
- low pH prevents bacterial growth, neutrialized by semen
- urethra is separate
-
describe the development of the external genitial:
- similarities between sexes
- structures developes from same tissue
- penis/clitoris - from genitial tubercle
- scrotum/libia major - from laboscrotal fold
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describe the structures of the femal external genitalia:
- include: mons pubis, labia majors and minors, clitoris, and accessory glands
- vestibular glands: (~bulbourethra glands/male) keep vulva moist; provide lubrication for intercourse
- paraurethral glands: (labium minus) provides lubrications
- clitoris: sensory, circulation, innervation
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describe the structure and fxn of the breasts and mammary glands:
- fxn: provide nutrition to infant
- mammary glands: develop within the breast only during pregnancy, remains active in the lactating breast, atrophies when a women stops nursing
- areola: blood capillaries and nerves closer to the surface, more sensitive for milk ejection, deep color makes it visible to infant
- breast size: determined by amount of adipose tissue deposited - not milk production
-
reveiw oogenesis including the stages of cell progression from oogonia into a mature ovum:
- oogenesis: (meiosis) egg production
- oogonia: germ cells, mitosis differentiation, in fetal life there are 6-7 million
- primary ooctyes: meiosis I (1st division), begins in utero, complete prior to ovulation, 2million remain at the time of birth and remain until childhood
- secondary oocytes: puberty/adolescences, completes meiosis I (2nd meiotic division), proceeds as far as metaphase II, then developmental arrest until ovulation, completed after fertilization
- *if not fertilized, it dies and never completes meiosis, if it is fertilized, it completes miosis II and casts off a second polar body
- ovum: after fertilzation, total used ~ 500, 1 germ cell = 1 egg
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trace the pathway and possible fates of the ovum after ovulation:
- meiosis I: completed just before ovulation
- secondary oocyte; all cytoplasm goes to one egg
- first polar body: extra chromosomes discarded, dies
- meiosis II: only fertilized egg goes thru meiosis II - zygote to embryo
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describe the various stages in folliculogenesis:
- egg exists inside follicles, follicles develop in stages
- FSH stimulates follicles to grow + differentiate
- primordial follicles: primary oocyte, surrounded by a single layer of squamous epithelium (90-95% of follicles)
- primary follicle: still form only a single layer, but have new grown into a simple cuboidal epithelium, stimulated by FSH
- secondary follicle: two or more layers, granulosa cells - stratified epithelium, secrete a layer of glycoprotein gel called zona pellucida, around the oocyte, theca cells- connective tissue, just pior to ovulation, becomes free floating in follicle
- tertiary follicles: antrum - fluid filled cavity, granulosa cells converts androgens to estrogens, thecal cells produces androgens
- mature (graafain) follicles: only one/per month, ovulation occurs
- corpus luteum: "yellow" body, produces progesterone
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explain the female sexual cycle including the source of each hormone, hormonal changes, phases, and major events in the ovarian cycle and the menstural cycles:
- Days 1-5
- ovarian cycle: follicular phase
- multiple follicles develop
- one follicle becomes dormant
- dormant follicle matures (+ proliferative phase
- days 15-28
- ovarian cycle: luteal phase
- corpus lutem fxns
- corpus lutem degenerates
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explain the source of each hormone, homonal changes, phase, and major events of the oviarian cycle:
- follicular phase ~ 14 days
- FSH stimulates several follicles to grow
- only 1 becomes dormant
- remainder of follicles degenerate
- one mature follicle secrete high amounts of estrogen
- theca cells produces androgens, granulosa cells convert androgens to estrogen, granulsa cells secrete inhibin and influence oocytes
- estrogen: acts on reproductive tract and other ograns, and is a neg. feedback for AP and Hypothalamus
- inhibin: negative feedback on AP
- ovulation day 14
- rupture of mature follicle
- release egg
- *see handout for hormonal control*
- LH surge + ovulation primary oocyte to secondary oocyte (completes meiosisI, ovulation occurs, 2-3 mins)
- follicle to the corpus luteum
- *see handout for hormonal control*
- luteal phase day 15- 28
- always same # of days after ovulation (~14)
- prepares uterus for pregnancy
- corpus lutem degenerates, if no fertilization
- hormonal control of luteal phase ovary has corpus luteum - produces progesteron/estrogen
- prepares uterus for pregnancy
- also, produces inhibin, prevents 2nd ovulation, AP negative feedback on FSH/LH
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explain the source of each hormone, hormonal changes, phase, and major events of the menstural cycle:
- uterine changes during cycle based on changing hormone levels
- endometrium: shed, growth, secretion - progesterone/esterogen
- proliferative phase~ day 5- 14
- estrogen (growing follicle), stimulates endometrium growth
- 0.5-2-3 mm thick
- secretory phase~ day 15-26
- endometrium: estrogen stimulates contiuned growth (5-6 mm thick)
- progesterone (+ corpus luteum) - glycogen secretion/mucus, increased vascualarity, nutrient rich for embryo development
- premenstural phasecorpus lutem atrophied
- decreased progesterone
- endometrium degenerates
- menstural phaseday 1 - 5
- menstural fluid discharge (~50-70 mL)
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list the fxn of estrogen:
- at pubertyincreased GnRH > increased FSH, LH> increased estrogen/progesterone
- estrogen
- follicular development
- breast development (ducts)
- growth of sex organs
- 2ndary sex characteristics: body growth, fat deposition, thicker/softer skin, pubic/axillary hair
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list the fxn of progesterone:
- prepares uterus for pregnancy
- breast development (glands) during pregnancy
-
explain the basis for hormonal birth control:
the "pill" - combination progesterone + estrogen, negative feedback prevents LH surge (no ovulation)
- optionspatch (ortho evra)
- vaginal ring (nuva ring)
- injections (depo propera)
- IUD - inserted into uterus, prevents implantation of fertilized egg
- male sterilazation
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define climacteric and menopause and explain how they affect female anatomy and physiology:
- climactericmidlife changes in hormone secretion
- begins when ~ 1000 follicles remain
- follicles are less responsive to LH, FSH
- reduced estrogen/progesterone
- menopausemenstruation ceases
- age 45-55 years
- hot flashes (vasodilation)
- reduced bone mass
- mood changes
- headaches
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describe the phases of the female sexual response:
- increased HR, BP, ventilation
- changes: uterus position, hyperemia (increased blood flow)
- peristalic contractions - may help semen movement to uterus
- orgasm (sphincters close)
- no refractory period
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Which of the following is not a component of the vulva?
hymen
clitoris
vaginal orifice
mons pubis
labia majora
hymen
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Providing a source of nutrition to the fetus is a function of the:
ovaries
uterus
fallopian tubes
vaginal rugae
vagina
uterus
-
The first haploid stage in oogenesis is the:
primary oocyte
zygote
second polar body
secondary oocyte
oogonium
primary oocyte
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In the developing follicle, _______ cells produce androgens like testosterone that get converted to estrogen by _______ cells.
follicular; luteal
theca; granulosa
cumulus; pellucida
teste; estro
antral; graafian
theca; granulosa
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Production of LH begins to increase during which of the following events of the ovarian cycle?
follicular phase
menstruation
luteal phase
secretory phase
ovulation
follicular phase
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Ovulation is directly triggered by _______ secreted by the ________.
FSH, hypothalamus
aldosterone, adrenal cortex
LH, pituitary
estrogen, fallopian tubes
progesterone, ovaries
LH, pituitary
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The uterus experiences peristaltic contractions during which of the following?
orgasm
menstruation
resolution
excitement
plateau
orgasm
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Which of the following is not a response to estrogen?
growth of sex organs
breast development
prevents menstruation
suppress FSH secretion
prevents menstruation
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Which of the following methods of birth control is the least reliable?
spermicide
condom
abstinence
birth control pill
vasectomy
spermicide
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Which of the following is not a consequence of menopause?
vagina becomes thinner
ischemia
hot flashes
bone mass declines
increased risk of cardiovascular disease
ischemia
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