-
What is Oxyuris equi?
horse pinworm
-
Where are Oxyuris equi found?
worldwide
-
Who do Oxyuris equi affect?
horses and donkeys
-
How big are Oxyuris equi?
- female: 5-15 cm
- males: 1 cm
-
What is the PPP for Oxyuris equi?
5 months
-
What is the definitive host for Oxyuris equi?
horses and donkeys
-
Can Oxyuris equi affect dogs and cats? people?
no and no
-
What is the intermediate host for Oxyuris equi?
none
-
What is the infection site for Oxyuris equi?
cecum, colon, rectum, perianal area for egg laying females
-
Describe the life cycle of Oxyuris equi.
- after ingestion, eggs hatch in the small intestines and move to the cecum
- larvae enter mucosal crypts
- feed on mucosa and turn into adults and then into lumen (adults do not attach - they are scavengers)
- adult females travelout to the anus to lay eggs on the perineal skin
- eggs are rubbed off or fall on the ground and become infective
- infective eggs are ingested
-
What is the pathogen of Oxyuris equi?
- L3 and L4 larvae may produce inflammation of cecal and colonic mucosa
- Pruritis ani caused by eggs in perineal region
-
What is pruritis ani?
itchy butt
-
How do we diagnose Oxyuris equi?
- "rat tail" appearance
- adults in feces (not eggs)
- eggs found in perineal region - use scotch tape
-
How do we treat Oxyuris equi?
- antiparasitics
- cleanse perineal region to decrease environmental contamination
-
Who does Strongyloides papillosus affect?
-
Who does Strongyloides westeri affect?
-
Who does Strongyloides ransomi affect?
pig
-
Who does Strongyloides stercoralis affect?
-
Who does Strongyloides tumefaciens affect?
cats
-
What are the two phases of Strongyloides?
- free living phase
- parasitic phase
-
Which Strongyloides are parasitic?
only parthenogenetic females
-
What are parthenogenetic females?
ability to reproduce without having a male
-
Which Strongyloides are free-living?
males and females
-
What do parthenogenetic females lay in feces?
thin-shelled, partially embryonated eggs
-
Where do Strongyloide eggs hatch?
in the environment
-
What are the two things that Strongyloide larvae can do?
develop into infective L3 or undergo free-living generation
-
How do the definitive hosts of Strongyloides become infective?
by L3 that penetrates skin or is ingested (including transmammary)
-
Transcutaneous larvae from Strongyloides are carried by circulation to _____ and then _____ and _____.
-
Strongyloides cause infection via?
- ingestion of L3
- skin penetration of L3
- transmammary in pigs, horses, cattle
- transplacental in pigs
-
What is the PPP of Strongyloides?
3 to 14 days
-
What are the infection sites for Strongyloides?
- adults: small intestines
- larvae: skin, lungs
-
What is the pathogen of Strongyloides?
- severe disease in young and immunosuppressed animals
- chronic, asymptomatic cases
- invasive: penetration of skin
- pulmonary: symptoms of bronchial pneumonia
- intestinal: burning sensation, bloody diarrhea
-
How do we diagnose Strongyloides?
- finding feces in larvae (will float in fresh feces, baermann technique, cent. sedimentation)
- eggs are rarely found
- serology - ELISA
-
How do we treat Strongyloides?
-
What is Strongyloides stercoralis?
threadworm in small intestine of dogs, cats, and humans
-
What does Strongyloides stercoralis cause?
- diarrhea
- pneumonia
- dermatitis
-
How do we diagnose Strongyloides stercoralis?
larvae float in fresh sample
-
What is the PPP of Strongyloides stercoralis?
1 week
-
What can Strongyloides stercoralis do?
autoinfection
-
How do Strongyloides stercoralis cause autoinfection?
juveniles in intestines penetrate wall then get into the circulation in the lungs, then go to re-infect intestines
-
What are Oslerus (Filaroides)?
dog lungworms
-
What are the two different kinds of Oslerus?
-
-
-
How big are Oslerus?
- males: 2-3 mm
- females: 6-13mm
-
Who is the definitive host for Oslerus?
canids
-
What is the intermediate host for Oslerus?
none
-
What is the PPP for Oslerus?
5 weeks
-
Describe the life cycle of Oslerus.
- infective L1 are passed in feces or saliva
- L1 is ingested by dog
- L1 migrate to lung parenchyma via the blood or lymph system
-
How are Oslerus typically transmitted?
- through the mama licking puppies
- cage mates ingesting fresh feces
-
What is the pathogenesis of Oslerus?
- coughing
- focal granulomatous reaction in lungs or trachea
- usually no clinical disease but fatal cases of hyperinfection in immune deficient dogs
-
How do we diagnose Oslerus?
- finding larvae in feces (using zinc sulfate)
- bronchoscopy
- radiographic changes
- usually diagnosed post mortem
-
What is Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
cat lungworm
-
Who is the definitive host of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
felids
-
What is the intermediate host for Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
snails and slugs
-
Who can serve as the paratenic hosts for Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
-
What is the PPP of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
4-6 weeks
-
What is the infection site for Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
terminal bronchioles and lung parenchyma of cats
-
What is the life cycle of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
- eggs are laid by females in lungs
- L1 hatch and are carried up the bronchial tree and are swallowed and passed in feces
- larvae penetrate snail/slug and develop to L3
- cats acquire the infection either by eating snails or by eating a paratenic host
- larvae migrate from the stomach to the lungs through the peritoneal and thoracic cavities
-
What is the pathogenesis for Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
- usually nonpathogenic but...
- in heavy infections: cough, dyspnea, emaciation, nasal discharge, and sneezing
- lesions are grayish nodules that are firm, raised, and 1-10 mm in diameter
-
How do we diagnose Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
- typical L1 in feces (baermann technique, fecal flotation)
- radiographic evidence
-
What is the definitive host for Capillaria?
vertebrates
-
What is the intermeidate host for Capillaria?
none
-
What is the PPP for Capillaria?
40 days
-
Where does Capillaria aerophila infect?
trachea, bronchi
-
Where does Capillaria plica and Capillaria feliscati infect?
urinary bladder, renal pelvis
-
Where does Capillaria putorii infect?
small intestine, stomach
-
Where does Capillaria bovis infect?
small intestine
-
What is the definitive host for Capillaria aerophila?
dogs and cats
-
What kind of life cycle do Capillaria aerophila have?
direct
-
What is the life cycle of Capillaria aerophila?
eggs are coughed up, swallowed and passed in feces
-
What is the PPP for Capillaria aerophila?
5-7 weeks
-
How do Capillaria aerophila become infected?
- DH ingests infective eggs
- larvae hatch and migrate from intestine to the lung in 7-10 days
-
What is the pathogenesis for Capillaria aerophila?
- deep, wheezing cough
- whistling noise while breathing
- open-mouth breathing
- emaciation
-
What is the pathogenesis for Capillaria plica?
- cystitis
- hematuria
- difficulty in urination
- often asymptomatic
-
How do we diagnose Capillaria?
- eggs - barrel shaped, with bipolar plugs
- eggs in feces, urine, or sputum depending on species
-
What is Trichuris?
whipworm
-
What are the different types of Trichuris?
- Trichuris ovis
- Trichuris discolor
- Trichuris suis
- Trichuris trichiura
- Trichuris campanula
-
What is the definitive host for Trichuris?
dogs
-
What is the intermediate host for Trichuris?
none
-
What is the PPP for Trichuris?
3 months
-
What is the infection site for Trichuris?
-
Describe the life cycle for Trichuris.
- direct
- eggs passed in feces and develop to the infective stage in about 1 month
- DH ingests eggs
- larvae penetrate the intestine, where they mature to adults
-
What is the pathogenesis for Trichuris?
- may be no clinicla signs
- chronic/intermittent diarrhea
- fetid (stinks), bloody, mucoid diarrhea
-
How can we diagnose Trichuris?
seeing eggs on fecal
-
What do Trichuris eggs look like?
oblong ova with bipolar plugs, yellow to brown with a single cell when passed in feces
-
Are Trichuris easy to diagnose? Why?
no, are intermittent egg layers
-
What is the treatment for Trichuris?
- fenbendazole (repeat in 3 weeks and then in 3 months)
- milbermycin
-
How do we control Trichuris?
get rid of poop because eggs can survive in the soil for up to 5 years
-
Which Trichuris are children infected with?
T. vulpis
-
What causes Trichinosis?
Trichinella spiralis
-
What is the definitive host for Trichinella spiralis?
- pig
- rat
- human
- bear
- feline
- fox
- wolf
- seal
- walrus
-
What is the infection site for Trichinella spiralis?
- adults: small intestines
- L1: gut wall, lymph nodes, blood, encyst in skeletal muscle primarily the diaphragm, masseter, and tongue
-
Describe the life cycle of Trichinella spiralis.
- adults in small intestine inject "prelarvae" into intestinal wall and then get into circulation
- they encyst in muscle
-
How are Trichinella spiralis transmitted?
ingestion of undercooked meat results in transmission to new host
-
What is the pathogenesis for Trichinella spiralis?
- non-pathogenic in swine
- in humans - periorbital edema, myalgia, fever, gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, pruritis, and skin eruption
- eosinophilia usually exceeds 20%
-
How long does it take to recover from Trichinella spiralis?
6 months to a year
-
How do we control Trichinella spiralis?
- do not allow pigs to eat pork scraps, other garbage, including rate carcasses
- examine carcasses
- cook meat thoroughly to 170 degrees F
- freeze meat for 20 days
-
What are ways that will NOT kill Trichinella spiralis?
salting, smoking, drying, microwaving, or decomposition of meat
-
What are Parelaphostrongylus tenuis?
meningeal worm
-
What is the definitive host for Parelaphostrongylus tenuis?
white tailed deer
-
What is the intermediate host for Parelaphostrongylus tenuis?
snail or slug
-
Describe the life cycle of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis.
- deer eats snail
- goes to intestines
- burrows to spinal cord
- then to venous sinuses and subdural space of brain
- females in brain CSF lays eggs into CSF
- get into circulation
- then to lungs
- hatch
- lodge in capillaries
- break out
- go up bronchial tree
- coughed up and swallowed
- L1s in feces
- enters snail or slug and develops into L2 and L3
-
Who are the aberrant host for Parelaphostrongylus tenuis?
- llamas
- alpacas
- goats
- sheep
- moose
- wapiti
- caribou
- black tailed deer
- red deer
-
What are the clinical signs in an aberrant host with Parelaphostrongylus tenuis?
neurological signs: paralysis
-
What is this?
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
-
What egg is this?
capillaria egg
-
These are two different eggs. What are they?
- top one is capillaria
- bottom one is trichuris
-
What is this?
capillaria egg
-
What are these?
capillaria eggs
-
-
What is this? What is "A"?
-
What are these?
Oxyuris equi eggs
-
-
What kind of egg is this?
strongyloide
-
What kind of egg is this?
strongyloide
-
What is this?
strongyloide
-
-
What is this?
trichuris
-
What is this?
trichuris egg
|
|
