PSYC 4

A researcher is interested in studying the effects of viewing television violence on aggression in children. She shows one group of participants an extremely violent movie, another group a moderately violent movie, and a third group a nonviolent movie. In this case, the level of movie violence shown to the children would be considered the _________ variable, and the children's subsequent level of aggresive behavior would be the ______ variable.

A dependent variable is considered to be the (cause/effect) _______ in an experiment, whereas the independent variable is considered to be the _________.

A ________ relationship is the relationship between a change in an independent variable and an associated change in a dependent variable. Behaviorists are typically concerned with discovering the relationship between changes in e_____ events and changes in b______.

A(n) _______ is any event that can potentially influence behavior; a(n) ________ is a specific instance of behavior.

A tone is a s______, and a tone and a bell are s_______.

One person's response can be another person's _______.

Julie dislikes Jake, one of the sales personnel who works in her department. Because Julie avoids Jake like the plague, Jake can be considered an ________ stimulus. For example, Julie closes her office door when Jake is nearby, which is an example of a(n) (overt/covert) ______ behavior.

Julie also thinks unkind thoughts about Jake and feels anxious when she sees him in the hallway, both of which are examples of _____ behavior.

Jake is strongly attracted to Julie and often hangs around her office just to get a glimpse of her. Julie is thus an ______ stimulus for Jake.

If we think before we act, then our (covert/overt) ________ behavior serves as a stimulus that influences our (covert/overt) _______ behavior. If we act first and then feel regret later, then our _______ behavior serves as a stimulus that influences our _______ behavior.

An e_______ o______ is a procedure that affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus.

Farah has been working out of town and has not seen a movie for over a year. It is likely that the reward value of going to a movie has (increased/decreased) _________ as a function of (satiation/deprivation) ________.

The term ______ means "closeness or nearness."

Erin says that she once experienced a strong pain in her leg at the precise moment that her son, who was away on a mountain-climbing expedition, broke his leg. Because of the t______ c_______ between her feeling of pain and her son's injury, Erin now claims that she must have some type of psychic ability.

People who live close to each other are more likely to date and fall in love. Thus, s________ c______ seems to have a strong effect on the development of romantic relationships.

Sasha obtains a high mark on her exams only when she studies diligently. For Sasha, there is a c______ between studying diligently and doing well on her exams.

If a dog receives a dog biscuit only when it begs, then receiving the dog biscuit is c______ upon the behavior of begging.

2 common descriptive methods are n_______ _________ and c_______ _______.

Both apporaches are susceptible to the problem of researcher b______ in which the opinions & beliefs of the researcher can unduly influence his/her observations.

The major problem with both approaches is that it is often (easy/difficult) _______ to specify which variables influence which behavior.

Because the case study approach often involves only one person, the results may be limited in the extent to which they can be g______ to other people, places, and times.

In an experiment, a(n) _______ variable is systematically varied (manipulated) to determine its effects on the _________ variable.

In the simplest form of a control group design, individuals are r______ assigned to either an e_____ (or tr_______) group and a _________ group.

Control group designs in which behaviors or response to treatments are compared between species are referred to as ______ designs.

Briefly stated, 3 problems with control group designs are:

In a simple-comparison design, behavior in a b______ condition is compared to behavior in a t_____ condition.

A simple-comparison design (does/does not) ______ allow us to determine if there is a f______ relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

A reversal design (also called an _______ design) involves repeated alternations between a _______ period & a ______ period.

What type of result do we need to see during the second baseline phase to determine whether our treatment is the cause of the change in the behavior?

A reversal design is inappropriate for an experiment in which the treatment produces a (temporary/permanent) ________ change in the behavior.

A reversal design is also inappropriate when the act of withdrawing the treatment during the second A phase would lead to e______ problems.

With a multiple-baseline design, the treatment is instituted at different points in t_______ for ______ or more p_______, s________, or b________.

A key advantage of the multiple-baseline design is that we do not have to w______ the treatment to determine if it is effective.

_________-_________ is a preferable design for situations in which the treatment might result in a (temporary/permanent) ________ change in behavior, or where it might be un______ to withdraw the treatment.

2 advantages to using animals for behavioral research is that one can more strictly control an animal's g_______ makeup and l_____ history.

A third advantage to using animals is that the e________ environment can more easily be controlled for animals than for humans.

A fourth advantage to using animals for research is that it woud be u______ to conduct certain types of studies with humans, such as examining the effects of brain lesions on learning ability.

2 arguments against the use of animals in research are:

appetitive stimulus

aversive stimulus

Baseline

Case study approach

Comparitive Design

contingency

Control Group Design

Covert behavior

Dependent variable

Deprivation

Descriptive research

Duration

Establishing operation

Functional relationship

Independent variable

Interval recording

Latency

Multiple-baseline design

Naturalistic observation

Overt behavior

Response

Reversal Design

Satiation

Simple-comparison design

spatial contiguity

Stimulus

Temporal contiguity

Contiguity