bio lab exam?

autotrophic nonvascular organisms

how long have algae been around?

bottom-dwelling plants and animals
* seaweeds
* mollusks

active swimmers

suspended plants and animals that are too small to move against a significant current

planktonic animals

planktonic plants

plankton that can be collected by drawing a fine mesh net through water

planton that are too small to be cvaught in a plankton net

living things

plants and animals associated with the water surface
* jellyfish
* seaweeds

small plants and animals that live on the surface of benthic plants
* good for the ecosystem

blue-green algae

* diatoms
* yellow-green algae
* golden algae
* brown algae

dinoflagellates

euglenoids

red algae

green algae

* does oxygenic phtosynthesis
* phycobilins
* phycoerythrin
* asexual by fission or gragmentation
* gran-negative
* prokaryotic cells

whats responsible for blue-green color of cyanobacteria?

whats responsible for the red or brown color in cyanobacteria?

breaking up of a colony or filament

ordinary non-reproductive photosynthetic cells

thick-walled, modified endospores loaded with food reserves
* function as asexual survival stages that can tolerate severe environmental conditions

cells specialized for nitrogen fixation

what accessory pigments can absorb UV light?

* algae
* simplest type of organization
* cyanobacteria

* cyanobacteria
* simple unbranched filament that can glide or oscillate through water

* cyanobacteria
* simple unbranched filament that can produce akinetes and heterocysts
* pond and lake plankton

* cyanobacteria
* many filaments surrounded by a gelatinous sheath
* marble-shaped colonies
* wash up on fresh water shores

two-part silicon dioxide(glass) cell coverings

* Ochrophyta
* most abundant plankton
* frustules
* valves
* fucoxanthin

accessory pigment that causes the brown or tan coloration in diatoms

side view

top or bottom view

* filamentous eample of yellow-green alga
* water felt
* nuclei and chloroplasts distributed through cytoplasm of aseptate filaments

oogonia and antheridia

* Orchrophyta
* macroscopic seaweeds
* fucoxanthin pigment
* aqueous

* brown algae
* holdfast, stipe, blade and pneumatocyts
* conceptacles on receptacles

air bladders

reproduction branches have

subsurface cavities on reproductive branches
* house gametangia

entire plant is either male or female

plant has male-only conceptacles and female-only conceptacles

* brown algae
* largest seaweeds

* red tides
* girdling plagellum
* weird shape

* has an eyespot
* fresh water

flexible internal cell covering of protein strips

* phycocyanin
* floridean starch food storage
* corals

form of starch that is slightly different from that found in green algae and land plants

this red alga is used as food by human

what is alginate (from brown algae) and carrageenan (from red algae) used for?

which organism is agar from?

chlorophyta

* unicellular or complex multicellular
* filamentous
* colonies
* found everywhere
* asexual or sexual w/isogametes or heterogametes

physically identical gametes

* non-motile unicellular green algae
* smallest autotrophic eukaryotes known
* contaminant and source of protein

* non-motile unicellular green algae
* phytoplankton
* wide morphological variation

* non-motile unicellular green algae
* coastal florida and the caribbean
* large, uninucleate cell w/parasol-shaped cap

* Motile unicellular algae
* two flagella

crystals of accumulated starch

* pond scum

* filamentous algae
* sexual reproduction by conjugation- sperm goes through tube

entire cell contents of one filament migrate through tubes into the cells of an adjacent filament

* filamentous algae
* has both antheridia and oogonium

* filamentous algae
* nuisance in presence of nutrient pollution
* brandhing filamentous structure w/large cells containing net-like chloroplast

* Colonial algae
* can be large large enough to see
* water net

* colonial algae
* hollow spheres made of individual cells

* multicellular
* sea lettuce
* isomorphic alternation of generations life cycle
* edible

* multicellular green algae
* freshwater algae
* encrusted w/lime deposits
* stonewort

* dense upper or outer cortex
* mineral and water holding thallus
* mostly associated with ascomycota

* lichen
* basal layer consists of loose hyphae that adhere to the substrate
* rock, soil or wood substrates

* lichen
* basal layer resembles the compact surface layer
* bark substrate
* can see apothecia on upper surface
*

* lichens
* basal layer surrounds a hollow core for the thallus itself is upright and branched

small pieces of lichen produced on te thallus

What is the common life cycle with Bryophytes?

Name the 3 bryophytes

female gametangium

male gametganium

spores that the sporophyte generation eventually produces through meiosis
*single type

group of plants that may have first colonized land

Name the two types of Liverworts

midrib found in most mosses

upper and lower side

hair like unicellular strucures

male and female parts on separate plants

non-leafy form

What makes liverworts "complex thalloid"?

two-prong forking

upper side

lower side

pores on the supper surface of complex thalloid liverworts

serves as propagules for asexual reproduction

embedded in stalked, flat-topped of liverwort

develop under finger-like projections
* umbrella-like

Liverworts
twist as they dry
aid in the dispersal of spores

remnants of the old archegonium on liverworts

* resembles liverworts
* only a single large chloroplast in each cell
Pyrenoids

Inostoc
* elongated, cylindrical sporophyte

mature part of the capsule, sporogenous tissue surrounding a sterile center called:

True mosses usually starts out as thin strands called

another name for gemmae

functions like resting spores or miniature bulbs

What sex is the moss thats broad and has splash cups?

What sex is the moss that has a narrow, pointy head?

antheridial and adjacent sterile structures on a true moss (microscopic view)

lid of a moss sporophyte

ring of tooth-like structures in a moss sporophyte

Name the 2 different types of moss

a thread-like chain of cells that forms the earliest stage (the haploid phase) of a bryophyte life cycle

filament-like structure that is associated with the fertile sporangia

antarctic cyanobacteria

consists of fossilized remains of diatoms, a type of hard-shelled algae