Chapter 15

• gland
• a group of cells that work together to produce and secrete substances such as hormones

adrenal glands

• adrenal glands
• each of two adrenal glands sits on top of kidney, divided into outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla
• cortex secretes aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones.
• medulla secretes epenephrine

• secrete
• this combining form refers to glands releasing substances such as hormones

• sugar
• usually refers to glucose, primary sugar used by body for energy production

sugar

• ovary
• The ovaries are a pair of almond-shaped organs in female pelvic cavity; release ova for reproducation and female sex hormones

• testes
• the testes are a pair of oval-shaped glands located in scrotum of males; releases sperm and testosterone

ovary

• pancreas
• located in the abdominal cavity along lower curvature of stomach, secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate sugar levels

• pineal gland
• a small pine cone-shaped gland in thalamus region of brain; secretes melatonin

• pituitary gland
• small marble-shaped gland that hangs down from underside of brain, also known as master gland

• thymus gland
• located in mediastinum of chest behind sternum and above heart; secretes thymosin which is important for immune system's development

• thyroid gland
• located in neck; has two lobs on either side of trachea; secretes thyronxine and triiodothyronine, which regulate body's metabolic rate; also secretes calcitonin to lower blood calcium levels

extremities

cancer

cell

eye

poison

puncture to withdraw fluid

thirst

swelling

blood condition

resembling

abnormal condition

surgical fixation

rupture

urine condition

within

outward

secreted from adrenal gland, regulates sodium levels

secreted from adrenal cortex, regulates carbohydrate metabolism

lowers blood sugar levels by allowing sugar to enter individual cells

raises blood sugar by stimulating liver to release stored sugar back into bloodstream

• parathyroid gland
• are four small glands located on posterior surface of thyroid gland; secretes parathyroid hormone to raise blood levels of calcium

plays a role in regulating body's circadian rhythm (24 hour clock)

part of pituitary gland; secretes growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropin hormone, prolactin, melanocyte-stimulating hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormonw

secreted from anterior lobe of pituitary gland, regulates activity of thyroid gland

secreted from anterior lobe of pituitary gland, regulates activity of adrenal cortex

secreted from anterior lobe of pituitary gland; stimulates milk production by breast

secreted from anterior lobe of pituitary gland; stimulates melanoctyes to produce more melanin

secreted from anterior lobe of pituitary gland; work together to regulate activity of ovary or testes

secretes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

secreted from posterior lobe of pituitary gland; regulates volume of water in body

secreted from posterior lobe of pituitary gland; stimulates uterine contractions during labor and birth

chronic condition developing in adults with excessive growth hormone; results in elongation and enlargement of bones of head and extremities

development of female secondary sexual characteristics (such as breasts) in male as result of increased estrogen secretion by adrenal cortex

development of male secondary sexual characteristics (such as deeper voice and facial hair) in female as result of increased androgen secretion by adrenal cortex

in addition to its normal function , these hormones secreted by adrenal cortex also have strong anti-inflammatory action; can be used to treat severe chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis

being excessively short in height; can result from lack of growth hormone

condition in which eyeballs protrude, such as in Graves disease; commonly caused by hypersecretion of thyroid hormones

• (FBS)
• blood test to measure amount of sugar in bloodstream after a 12 hour fast

excessive growth of body due to hypersecretion of growth hormone in a child or teenager

• (GTT)
• test for initial diagnosis of diabetes mellitus; pt is given dose of glucose; then blood samples are taken at regular intervals to determine pt ability to use glucose properly

enlargment of the thyroid gland

condition reulting from hypersecretion of thyroid hormones; symptoms include exophthalmos and goiter

artificial replacement of hormones in pt with hyposecretion disorders; available in pills, injection and patch form

• (IDDM)
• also called type 1 diabetes mellitus; tends to develop early in life; pancreas stops producing insulin; can be autoimmune disease; pt must take insulin injections

also called type 2 diabetes mellitus; typically develops later in life; pancreas produces normal to high levels of insulin but cells fail to respond; pt can take medication to improve insulin function

nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps resulting from hypocalcemia

• (TFT)
• blood test to measure levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the bloodstream to evaluate thyroid function

test in which radioactive iodine is administered and localizes in the thyroid gland; gland is visualized with scanning divice; able to detect thyroid gland tumors

chemical messangers used by the endocrine system