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what is adaptive (specific) defense system?
-name the leukocytes involved
-3rd line of defense attacks particular foreign substances
-takes longer to react than innate system
-humoral- B cells
- cellular- T cells
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2nd line of defense
- -antimicrobial proteins
- -inflammation
- -phagocytes
- -natural killer cells
- -fever
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name the functions and components of the 1st line of defense
- skin, mucosae, and thier secretions
physical barrier to most microorganisms
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cell mediated immunity
T cells provide defense against intracellular antigens
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what is the innate ( nonspecific) defense system?
-name the leukocytes involved
- System responds quickly and cosists of a first line and second line of defense.
- WBC'S
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humoral immunity
1st encounter between antigen and lymphocyte
usually occurs in spleen or lymph node
if a B cell antigen provokes humoral immune response
antibodies are produced
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which WBC's are involved in humoral immunity?
B lymphocytes
mature in red bone marrow
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which WBC's are involved in cell mediated immunity?
T lymphocytes
mature in thymus
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what cells does the HIV virus attack
helper T cells
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antigen
substances that can provoke an immune response
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IGE antibodies
causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine
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IGD antibodies
functions as a B cell receptor
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IGG antibodies
crosses placenta barrier
comes from secondary and late primary responses
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antibodies
AKA- immunoglobulins
secreted by plasma cells
capable of binding specifically with antigen deteted by B cells
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natural active immunity
naturally acquired- response to a viral or bactereial infection
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natural passive immunity
antibodies delivered to the fetus via placenta or breast milk
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artificial active immunity
response to a vaccine
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artificial passive immunity
- injection of serum ( gamma globulin)
- protection is immediate but body degrades with antibodies
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respiratory membrane
alveolar and capillary walls fused to basement membranes
- sqaumous epitheleum
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larynx
- -provides patent airway
- -route for air and food
- -voice produciton
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pulmonary ventilation
- inspiration- gas flows into the lungs
- expiration- gas exits the lungs
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external respiration
exchange of o2 and co2
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nose ( nasal cavity)
- -provides airway for respiration
- -moistens and warms air
- -filters and cleans
- -resonating chamber for speech
- -houses olfactory receptors
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alveoli
gas exchange occurs here
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surfactant
reduces surface tension
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what has the greatest stimulating effect on the respiratory center in the brain
increase of carbon dioxide
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how is oxygen transported in the blood
bound to hemi part of RBC's
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osmosis
Diffusion of a solvent (usually water molecules) through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
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diffusion
The passive movement of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient, or from regions of higher to regions of lower concentration.
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active transport
When cells must move materials in an opposite direction - against a concentration gradient
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filtration
The movement of water and solutes across the cell membrane due to hydrostatic pressure from the cardiovascular system.
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what is used in the lungs for oxygen and CO2 exchange
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list the enzymes that aid in carbohydratte digestion and give their source
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list the enzymes that aid in protein digestion and give their source
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list the enzymes that aid in lipid (fat) digestion and give their source
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what are the plicae circulares and villi, where are they found and what are their functions
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peristalsis, and how's it used in digestion
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what types of digestion take splace in the mouth, stomach, small intestines, and large intestine
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organs of the urinary system
-
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glomerular capsule (bowman's capsule)
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proximal convoluted tubule
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distal convoluted capsule
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juxtaglomerular apparatus
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