Chemistry

• Group of chemical elements
• Shiny, silvery-white
• Somewhat reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure
• All the discovered alkaline earth metals occur in nature

• beryllium (Be)
• magnesium (Mg)
• calcium (Ca)
• Strontium (Sr)
• Barium (Ba)
• Radium (Ra)

• Located in "d-block" of the periodic table (groups 3 to 12 on the periodic table)
• Most transition form more than one oxidation state

• Group of chemical elements
• Shiny, soft, silvery
• Highly reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure
• Readily lose their outermost electron to form cations with charge
• They can all be cut easily with a knife due to their softness
• Tarnishes rapidly in air due to oxidation
• Lies in the s-block of the periodic table

• lithium (Li)
• sodium (Na)
• potassium (K)
• rubidium (Rb)
• caesium (Cs)
• francium (Fr)

Covalent

cation

anion

ionic

covalent

• An organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen & carbon.
• Majority found in crude oil where decomposed organic matter provides an abundance of carbon and hydrogen
• When bonded, can catenate to form seemingly limitless
• chains

Hydrocarbyls

alkanes

• Simplest of the hydrocarbon species
• Composed entirely of single bonds and are saturated with hydrogen
• General formula for is C_nH_2n+2
• Are the basis of petroleum fuels

• Hydrocarbon with only single bonds
• Carbon multiple bonds (double or triple bonds) DO NOT exist
• Alkanes are an example of saturated compounds

Hydrocarbons that have double or triple covalent bonds between adjacent carbon atoms

• Alkenes
• CnH2n

• Alkynes
• C_nH_2n-2

• The attraction of a kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond
• More electronegative the atom, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself
• A tug of war for electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Examples: H₂, O₂

Polar Covalent Bond

Note: Oxygen is one of the most electronegative elements. It attracts shared electrons more strongly than Hydrogen

• Ionic Compounds
• Salts

when hydrogen atoms covlantly bond to one electronegative atom becomes attracted to another electronegative atom

In living cells, partners are usually O or N

• Electrons are not always symmetrically distributed in a molecule
• Can accumulate by chance in one part of molecule
• Results in ever changing regions of postive & negative charge that enable atoms & molecules to stock together

Examples: gecko lizard can walk up a wall

Chemical Reaction

• Cohesion is the attraction of the same type of molecules / particles
• 
  Adhension is the attraction of between unlike substances

• Example: Trees
• Transport of water & dissolved nutrients in against gravity
• Water evaporates from leaves
• Hydrogen bonds cause rug on molecules below
• Upward pull up trunk

• How difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
• Water is great surface tension due to hydrogen bonds

• Examples:
• Meniscus of water in class
• Animals that can stand & walk on water

• Heat is...
• A form of energy
• The total kinetic energy of the molecules of a given body of matter
• Depends in part on matter's volume

• Temperature is...
• AVERAGE kinetic energy of the molecules REGARDLESS of volume

• Example: Pot of Coffee vs Swimming Pool
• Pot of coffee has higher temperature
• Swimming pool contains more heat due to volume

The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of that substance to changes its temperature 1 degree Celsius

• Absorbed
• Released

A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixtre of two or more substances

• Solvent
• Solute

aqueous solution

Sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

Colloid

• 6.02 x 10²³
• Unit symbol is mole (mol)

• The number of moles of solute per liter of solution
• Unit of concentration used for aqueous solutions

• Substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H⁺ & OH^- in a solution
• Allow for relatively constant pH

• Example: Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)
• H2CO3 <---> HCO₃^- + H⁺

<---> indicates response to rise / drop in pH

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

• Compound that has the same number of elements but DIFFERENT structures
• Hence it can have different properties

• Three Types of Isomers
• 1. Structural
• 2. Geometric
• 3. Enantiomers

Type of isomer where the covalent arrangement of the atoms differ

Example: C₅H₁₂

Pentane



2-methyl butane

Compounds with the same number and types of atoms but different spatial arrangements of the atoms

Example: Pt(NH3)2Cl2

• 
• 

• Type of stereoisomers
• Isomers are mirror images of each other
• Non-superposable (not identical)

Think: One's left and right hands are the same except for opposite orientation

Groups of atoms or bonds within moleculesthat are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.