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organization structure
a system of tasks, reporting relationships, and communication linkages
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social network analysis
identifies the informal structures and their embedded social relationships that are active in an organization
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departmentalization
the process of grouping together people and jobs into work units
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functional structure
groups together people with similar skills who preform similar tasks
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matrix structure
combines functional and divisional approaches to emphasize project or program teams
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cross-functional team
brings together memebers from different functional departments
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network structure
uses IT to link with networks of outside suppliers and service contractors
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strategic alliance
organizations join together in partnership to pursure an area of mutual interest
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virtual organization
uses information technologies to operate as a shifting network of alliances
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organizantional design
the process of configuring organizations to meet environmental challenges
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centalization
top management keeps the power to make most decisions
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decentralization
top management allows lower levels to help make many decisions
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delegation
the process of entrusting work to others
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mechanistic designs
bureaucratic, using a centralized and vertical structure
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organic designs
are adaptive, using a decentralized and horizontal structure
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job sharing
splits one job between two people
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telecommuting
involves using IT to work at home or outside the office
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organizational culture
a system of chared beliefs and values guiding behavior
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strong cultures
are clear, well defined, and widely shared among member
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socialization
the process through which new memebers learn the cilture of an organization
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obervable culture
what you see and hear when walking around an organization
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core culture
found in the underlaying values of the organization
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core values
beliefs and values shared by organization memebers. make the mission statement affective
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symbolic leader
uses symbols to establish and maintain a desired organizational culture
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innovation
the process of taking a new idea and putting it into practice
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four stages of innovation
- knowledge accunulation
- incubation
- discovery
- implementation and evaluation
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process innovations
result in better ways of doing things
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product innovations
result in new or improved goods or services
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business model innovations
result in ways for firms to make moeny
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green innovation
the process of turning ideas into innovations that reduce the carbon footprint of an organization or its products
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commercializing innovation
turns ideas into economic vaule added. must be rare, valuable, hard to reproduce
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change leader
tries to change the behavior of another person or social system
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transformational change
results in a major and comprehensice redirection of the organization
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incremental change
bends and adjusts existing ways to improve preformance
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human resource management
the process of attracting, developing, and maintaining a high-quality workforce
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human capital
the economic vaule of people with job-relevant abilites, knowledge, ideas, energies, and commitment
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discrimination
occurs when someone is denied a job or job assignment for non-job-related reasons
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equal employment opportunity
the right to employment and advancement without regar to race, sec. religion, color, or national origin
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affirmative action
an effort to give preference in employment to women and minority group memebers
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human resource planning
analyzes staffing needs and identifies actions to fill those
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recruitment
a set of activities designed to attract a qualifed pool of job applicants
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selection
choosing whom to hire from a pool of qualified job applicants
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coaching
occurs as an ecperenienced person offers performance advice to less -experienced person
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mentoring
assigns early career employees as proeges to senior ones
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performance appraisal
process of formally evauating performance and providing feedback to a job holder
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behaviorally anchored rating
uses specific descriptions of actual behaviors to rate various levels of performance
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360 degrees feedback
includes in appraisal process superiors, subordinates, peers, and even customers
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merit pay
awards pay increases in proportion to performance contributions
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bonus pay
plans provide one-time payments based on performance accomplishments
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profit sharing
distributes to employees a proportion of net profits earned by the organization
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gain sharing
plans allow employees to share in cost saving or productvity gains realized by their efforts
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fringe benefits
are nonmonetarty forms of compensation such as health insurance and retirement plans
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collective bargaining
the process of negotiating, administering, and interpreting a labor contract
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