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Social Psychology
The study of how ppl think about, influence, and relate to other ppl
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Stereotype
A generalization about a group's characteristics taht does not consider any variations from one individual to another
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Attribution Theory
The view that ppl are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior
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Fundemental Attribution Error
Observer's overestimation of the importance of internal traits and underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of an actor's behavior
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False Consensus Effect
Observer's overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way they do
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Positive Illusions
Positive views of the self that are not necessariliy rooted in reality
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Self-Serving Bias
The tendency to take credit for our successes and to deny responsibility for our failures
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Self-Objectification
The tendency to see oneself primarily as an object in the eyes of others
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Steretype Threat
An individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative steretype about his or her group
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Social Comparison
The process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other ppl
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Attitudes
Our feelings, opinions, and beliefs about ppl, objects, and ideas
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Cognitive Dissonance
An individual's psychological disomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts
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Self-Perception Theory
Bem's theory on how behaviors influence attitudes, stating that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior
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Elaboration Likelihood Model
Theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route
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Altruism
Unselfish interest in helping another person
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Egoism
Giving to another person to ensure reprocity; to gain self-esteem; to present oneself as powerful, competent, or caring; or to avoid censure from oneself and others for failing to liive up to society's expectations
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Empathy
A feeling of oneness w the emotional state of another person
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Bystander Effect
The tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other ppl are present than when the observer is alone
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Aggression
Social behavior wose objective is to harm somone, either physically or verbally
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Conformity
A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely w a group standard
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Informational Social Influence
The influence other ppl have on us because we want to be right
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Normative Social Influence
The influence others have on us because we want them to like us
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Obedienec
Behavior that complies w the explicit demands of the individual in authority
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Deindividuation
The reduction in persoanl identity and erosion of the sense of persoanl responsibility when one is part of a group
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Social Contagion
Limitative behavior involving the spread of actions, emotions, and ideas.
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Social Facilitation
Improvement in an individual's performance because of the presence of others.
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Social Loafing
Each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort
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Risky Shift
The tendency for a gruop decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members
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Group Polarization Effect
The solidification and furthur strengthenin gof an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction
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Groupthink
The impaired group decision makin that occurs when making the right decsion is less important than maintaining group harmony
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Social Identity
The way we define ourselves in terms of our group membership
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Social Identity Theory
Taifel's theory that our social identities are a crucial part of our self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about ourselves
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Ethnocentrism
The tendency to favor one's own ehtnic group over other groups
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Prejudice
An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particual group
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Discrimination
An unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group
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Mere Exposure Effect
The phenomenon that the more we encounter someone or something the more proable it is that we will start likeing the person or thing even if we do not realize we have seen it before
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Romantic Love
Also called passionate love; love w strong components of sexuality and ifatuation, often dominant in early part of a love relationship
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Affectionate Love
Also called companionate love; love that occurs when individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person
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Social Exchange Theory
The view of social relaionships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits
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Investment Model
A model of long-term relationships that examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satsfaction and stability in relationships
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