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What does York do when he becomes Lord Protector the first time when?
- 1454
- He imprisons Somerset
- Banishes Margaret of Anjou to Windsor Castle to look after Henry.
- (Important to note that York managed to become Protector largely due to help of Warwick.)
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Give two cases when York shows loyalty to the king?
- After Dartford in 1452, he swears an oath of allegiance to the king.
- After the victory of St. Albans 1455, Henry still reaffirmed his allegiance to the king.
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When does Henry VI fall into his second bout of insanity?
November 1455 - February 1456
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After Henry VI recovered from his second bout of insanity, what actions did he take which further show how he was not politically skilled or aware?
- Henry granted York pay off of over 1,800 pounds in arrears during first protectorate, and promise of more for the second.
- Warwick was given captaincy of Calais.
- (Henry was being extraordinarily generous to these men who should have been charged with treason! Was allowing them another chance to attack his throne.)
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What did Henry do to attempt to engineer reconciliation between the 2 rival factions? When?
- March 1458
- Public show of reconciliation engineered by the king what was known as the "Love day" - where the factions (Warwick and Margaret etc) walked down St. Paul's arm in arm.
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What did Margaret (and Henry, mainly Margaret) do when to further worsen the relations between the two factions and provoke war? What else in the same year?
- 1459 - Great Council held in Coventry called by Margaret and Henry.
- York and Warwick were indicted for treason (in their absence).
- York and Warwick responded by raising armies.
- Later 1459 - Parliament of Devils (also by Buckingham).
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What battle did the Great council in coventry and the indictment of York and Warwick lead to? What was the result?
- Battle of Blore Heath
- Sept 1459
- Yorkist victory (mainly by Earl of Salisbury)
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After the battle of Blore Heath, what happened (battle-wise) in the same year?
- October 1459
- Rout of Ludford
- Yorkists fled - York fled to Ireland; Warwick, Salisbury and Edward (future Edward IV) fled to Calais.
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Outline the main figures in each side (Yorkist and Lancastrian) at this point (1459).
- Yorkist: York, Edward Earl of March, Warwick, Salisbury
- Lancastrian: Henry VI, Margaret of Anjou, Duke of Buckingham.
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When was the Parliament of Devils and what happened here? Who was it called by?
- November 1459
- York, Warwick and other Yorkists were attainted for treason and sentenced to death, their lands forfeited and their heirs lost their inheritance.
- Called by Margaret of Anjou, King, and Duke of Buckingham.
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What battle did the Parliament of Devils lead to? When? Results?
- Battle of Northampton, July 1460.
- Led by Warwick (York still in Ireland), also Edward Earl of March proved that he was militarily skilled.
- Yorkist victory. Duke of Buckingham died, the king captured.
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Where did the Yorkists rally support before the Battle of Northampton? Why was this possible?
- Through Kent to London.
- Because merchants supported the captain of Calais, which was Warwick.
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After the Battle of Northampton, what happened?
- Parliament pass the Act of Accord, 1460.
- Henry VI was to retain throne, but his son (Prince Edward) was disinherited and York and his heirs should inherit on Henry's death. (York 10yrs older than Henry)
- It is only now, 1460, that York made a dynastic claim to the throne.
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What happened (battle-wise) after this Act of Accord of 1460?
- Margaret gathered large army in north (unpaid disorderly troops, lots of looting).
- York set out to meet her with an army.
- Duke of York killed at Battle of Wakefield (December 1460), Earl of Salisbury also executed.
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Outline the 2 battles that occured that led to Edward's coronation in 1461?
- Feb 1461 - Battle of Mortimer's Cross - Edward Earl of March defeated Jasper Tudor in Wales.
- Later Feb 1461 - Second battle of St. Albans - Warwick vs Queen - Lancastrian victory, Henry VI freed. Londoners become anxious - did not want to let her violent, looting army into London. As result, Queen withdrew troops to Dunstable to negotiate.
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What happened after the second battle of St. Albans? (1461)
- Yorkists had time to gather troops, Edward (now Duke of York), arrived in London with his forces, and was allowed to enter.
- Henry, Queen and Prince Edward fled North.
- Edward IV was proclaimed king on grounds of his victory and Mortimer's Cross and Lords in Parliament declared his claim to be superior to Henry VI's.
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What was the last decisive victory for Edward IV immediately after his coronation?
- March 1461 - Battle of Towton - Largest battle of the period, possibly 50,000 men fought in snowstorm.
- Yorkist victory.
- But Henry VI, Queen and prince Edward still managed to escape north.
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Why and with what justification was Edward IV crowned king in 1561?
- He had support of the merchants. (London afraid of MofA's army, Warwick captain of Calais, Henry VI's poor treatment of economy and the merchants).
- Military victory at Mortimer's Cross (proved himself as military leader)
- Dynastic claim to the throne, which was recognised by Parliament.
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