-
• Ptosis
• Ptosis: drooping eyelid
-
Nystagmus
Nystagmus: oscillating movement of eyeball
-
Amsler grid
- Amsler grid - often
- used for patients with macular problems, such as macular degeneration. It
- consists of a geometric grid of identical squares with a central fixation
- point. The grid should be viewed by the patient wearing normal reading glasses.
- Each eye is tested separately. The patient is instructed to stare at the
- central fixation spot on the grid and report any distortion in the squares of
- the grid itself. For patients with macular
- problems, some of the squares may look faded, or the lines may be wavy.
-
Ultrasonography .
- Ultrasonography - Ultrasonography is a very
- valuable diagnostic technique, especially when the view of the retina is
- obscured by opaque media such as cataract or hemorrhage. Ultrasonography can be used to identify orbital tumors,
- retinal detachment, and changes in tissue composition.
-
Fluorescein
- Fluorescein - Fluorescein
- angiography evaluates clinically significant macular edema, documents macular
- capillary nonperfusion, and identifies retinal and choroidal neovascularization
- (growth of abnormal new blood vessels) in age-related macular degeneration. It
- is an invasive procedure in which fluorescein dye is
- injected, usually into an antecubital vein. Within 10 to 15 seconds, this dye
- can be seen coursing through the retinal vessels. Over a 10-minute period,
- se-rial black-and-white photographs are taken of the retinal vasculature. The
- dye may impart a gold tone to the skin of some patients, and urine may turn
- deep yellow or orange. This discoloration usually disappears in 24 hours
-
indocyanine green angiography
- indocyanine green angiography - used to evaluate
- abnormalities in the choroidal vasculature, conditions often seen in macular degeneration.
- Indocyanine green dye is injected intravenously (IV), and multiple images are
- captured using digital videoangiography over a period of 30 seconds to 20
- minutes.
-
• Tonometry
- • Tonometry - Measures intraocular
- pressure
-
Gonioscopy
Gonioscopy - Visualizes the angle of the anterior chamber
-
Scotomas
Scotomas: blind areas in the visual field
-
Emmetropia
- Emmetropia: normal vision
-
-
-
distortion due to irregularity of the cornea
-
-
Determines Visual Acuity in Refractive
-
GLAUCOMA
GLAUCOMA
- A group of
- ocular conditions in which damage to the optic nerve is related to increased intraocular
- pressure (IOP) caused by congestion of the aqueous humor
- • The
- leading cause of blindness in adults in the U.S.; incidence increases with age
-
Risk factors: for Glaucoma
-
- Family history of glaucoma
- African-American
- race
- Older age
- Diabetes
- mellitus
- Cardiovascular
- disease
- Migraine
- syndromes
- Nearsightedness
- (myopia)
- Eye trauma
- Prolonged
- use of topical or systemic corticosteroids
-
normal intraocular pressure
is
between 10mm Hg and 21mm Hg
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