Test 7

Transmit nervous - system messages

Support neurons

3 essential tasks of the nervous system

Consisting of the brain and spinal cord

Outside the brain and spinal cord, plus the sensory organs

Can be pictured as a group of nerves and related nerve cells that fan out from either the brain or spinal cord

Any nerves that help carry messages to the brain or spinal cord

Any nerves that help carry messages from the brain or spinal cord

2 Types of nervous tissue cells

2 fundamental parts of the nergous system

Portion of the peripheral nervous system's efferent division that provides voluntary control over skeletal muscle

The part of the peripheral nervous system's efferent division that provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

"Fight or Flight" - prepares the body for energy-consuming activities, such as fleeing or fighting (stimulatory effects)

Type of division that causes increase heart rate and raises blood pressure

"Rest-and-Digest" - promotes body activities that gain and conserve energy, such as digestion and reduced heart rate (relaxing effects)

Type of division that decreases heart rate and lowers blood pressure

Senses conditions both inside and outside the body and brings this received information to the central nervous system (afferent neurons)

Interconnect other neurons

Peripheral-system neurons that send instructions from the central nervous system to such structures as muscles or glands

Houses nucleus and other organelles

Extensions of neurons that carry signals toward the neuronal cell body

Extension of the neuron that carries signals away from the neuronal cell body

Protect, insulate, and reinforce the neurons

Membranous covering that glia provide to neurons

3 types of cells of the nervous system

A communication line made from cable-like bundles of neuron fibers tightly wrapped in connective tissue

Charge difference that exists from one sie of the neural plasma membrane to the other

Maintains both an electrical charge difference and a concentration difference that can get a nerve signal going - abundance of Na+ ions outside the cell - pumps 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ ions pumped in

The sodium potassium pump, pumps ____ Na+ out for every ___ K+ ions pumped in

A temporary reversal of cell-membrane potential that results in a conducted nerve impulse down an axon

Area where sending neuron, receiving cell and the gap between them come together, or a relay point between a neuron and a receiving cell

Gap in the synapse

A chemical, secreted into a synaptic cleft by a neuron, that affects another neuron or an effector by binding with receptors on it

Can act as a communication center of its own, receiving input from sensory neurons and directing motor neurons in repsonse, with no input form the brain (reflex)

Most sensory impulses that go to the brain dont go directly to the brain; they are channeled first through this

Automatic nervous-system repsonses that help us avoid danger or perserve a stable physical state

The neural wiring of a single reflex - beings at a sensory receptor, runs through the spinal cord, and ends at an effector, such as a muscle or gland (knee jerk or patellar reflex)

The human brain weights ____ pounds and is equivilant to the size of a ______ and has the consistency of ____ _____.

Like the spinal cord with its spinal nerves, this has nerves extending from in (cranial nerves) that allow it ot communicate directly with other body tissues and organs (eyes, face muscles, as well as hear and lungs)

6 Major regions of the brain

Largest region of the brain, responsible for much of our higher mental functioning

The Cerebrum is divided into ____ and _____
Which are also known as the ______ _______

Outer layer of the cerebrum; site of our highest thinking and processing; covers the entire cerebrum, but amounts to a thin covering.

Within the Cerebral Cortex there are ______ and ______ which are the primary processing centers for sight and smell.

The cerebral cotex also contains the ______ which plays a critical role in forming long-term memories

Portion of the brain that refines our movements based on our "sense memory" of them - also helps maintain balance

An integrating and relay center; sorts and relays selected information to specific areas in the cerebral cortex

Portion of the brain that is important in reglulating drives and in maintaining homeostasis in the body; controls sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythms) - activity in this also prompts a good deal of the bodys hormonal activity

Helps maintain muscle tone and posture through control of involuntary motor response

Primary function is to relay messages between the cerebrum and cerebellum; also helps control involuntary breathing

Contians major centers concerned with the regulation on unconscious functions such as breathing, blood pressure, and digestion

Those cell types that can be affected by a given hormone

Located primarily in the kidneys

Located not only in the liver, but in muscle and fat cells throughout the body

Release their materials directly into the bloodstream or into surrounding tissues, without using the tubes known as ducts

Hormones derived from modification of a single amino acid

Hormones composed of chains of amino acids

All constructed around the chemical framework of the choleterol molecule - testosterone and estrogen