psych 2301

the science of behavior and mental processes

a field of research that focuses on people's positive experiences and characteristics, such as happiness, optimism, and resilience

Psychologists who analyze the biological factors influencing behavior and mental processes.

Psychologists who study the mental processes underlying judgment, decision making, problem solving, imagining, and other aspects of human thought or cognition. Also called experimental psychologists. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 005)

a field in which psychologists study human factors in the use of equipment and help designers create better versions of that equipment

Psychologists who seek to understand, describe, and explore how behavior and mental processes change over the course of a life time

Psychologists who study the characteristics that make individuals similar to, or different from, one another. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 005)

Psychologists who seek to assess, understand, and change abnormal behavior

Psychologists who work to obtain psychological services for people in need of help and to prevent psychological disorders by working for changes in social systems. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 006)

Psychologists who study the effects of behavior and mental processes on health and illness, and vice versa

Psychologists who study methods by which instructors teach and students learn and who apply their results to improving those methods. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 007)

Psychologists who test IQs, diagnose students academic problems, and set up programs to improve students achievement. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 007)

Psychologists who study how people influence one anothers behavior and mental processes, individually and in groups. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 007)

Study behavior of people and work, like those in organizations

Psychologists who develop and use statistical tools to analyze research data. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 008)

Psychologists who explore the relationships between athletic performance and such psychological variables as motivation and emotion. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 008)

Psychologists who assist in jury selection, evaluate defendants mental competence to stand trial, and deal with other issues involving psychology and the law. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 008)

Psychologists who study the effects of the physical environment on behavior and mental processes. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 008)

the field devoted to understanding how the brain creates thoughts, feelings, motives, consciousness, memories, and other mental processes

awareness of ourselves and our environment

An approach to psychology in which behavior and behavior disorders are seen as the result of physical processes, especially those relating to the brain and to hormones and other chemicals

An approach to psychology that emphasizes the inherited, adaptive aspects of behavior and mental processes

Psychological approach developed by Sigmund Freud. Emphasizes the interplay of unconscious psychological processes in determining human thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

A sharp decline in mental functioning that tends to occur in late adulthood, a few years or months before death.

in Erikson's theory, a process of making a commitment beyond oneself ex:to family, work, or future generations

Reasoning that reflects moral judgments based on personal standards or universal principles of justice, equality, and respect for human life.

Reasoning that reflects the belief that morality consists of following rules and conventions.

Reasoning that is not yet based on the conventions or rules that guide social interactions in society

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Piaget's stage in which children learn such concepts as conservation and mathematical transformations; about 7 - 11 years of age

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

recognition that things continue to exist even though hidden from sight; infants generally gain this after 3 to 7 months of age

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

a mental process that restructures existing schemas so that the new info is better understood ex:a child's schema of a bird includes any flying object, until they learn that a butterfly or a plane is not a bird

the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure

Occurrence of horrific dream images during stage 4 sleep, followed by a rapid awakening in a state of intense fear

Proposing the Hypnosis does not create an altered state of consciousness

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

a level of mental activity that is not currently conscious but of which we can easily become conscious

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

Condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable.

A way of looking at human behavior that emphasizes research on how the brain takes in information, creates perceptions, forms and retrieves memories, processes information, and generates integrated patterns of action. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 020)

An approach to psychology emphasizing that human behavior is determined mainly by what a person has learned, especially from rewards and punishments

Psychological approach developed by Sigmund Freud. Emphasizes the interplay of unconscious psychological processes in determining human thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

An approach to psychology that emphasizes the inherited, adaptive aspects of behavior and mental processes

the field devoted to understanding how the brain creates thoughts, feelings, motives, consciousness, memories, and other mental processes

a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 025)

the degree to which an observed difference in sample means reflects a real difference in population means and is not attributable to chance, the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting.

In an experiment, any factor that affects the dependent variable, along with or instead of the independent variable

the scientific study of changes in the expression of a gene or set of genes that occur without change in the DNA sequence

(psychology) bias introduced by an experimenter whose expectations about the outcome of the experiment can be subtly communicated to the participants in the experiment