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Blood Functions
- Transportation
- Defense
- Regulation
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Transportation of the Blood
- To Tissue - oxygen, nutrients
- To Lungs � Carbon dioxide
- To Kidneys � Wastes
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Defense of the Blood
- Protecting the body from foreign invaders
- Phagocytosis of pathogens (anything that causes diseases)
- Make antibodies
- Blood clots
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Regulation of the Blood
- Temperature
- Body constricts when cold to prevent heat loss
- Blood picks up skeletal muscle and takes up to surface to sweat
- Water content
- pH
- Buffers help stabilize
- Blood is slightly alkaline (7.4)
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Body Composition
- Liquid in blood plasma (55%)
- White blood cells and platelets (<1%)
- Red blood cells (45%)
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Formed Elements
- Red Blood Cells
- White Blood Cells
- Platelets
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Plasma
- 90% water
- 7% proteins
- All except one made in liver
- Albumin largest
- 2% other molecules (oxygen, iron, nutrients, hormones, vitamins, wastes)
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Red Blood Cell: Erythrocyte
- Rythro=red; cyte=cell
- The �dip� makes it more flexible
- Increases surface area for things to diffuse across
- There is no nucleus (kicked out of the cell)
- No mitochondria (No ATP)
- Carries oxygen
- 5,000,000
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Red Blood Cells contain Hemoglobin
- 4 Globin chains
- Heme on each
- Iron in center � oxygen binds to iron
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Carbon Dioxide Transportation
- CO2 + H2O ?H2CO3 ? H+ + HCO-3
- H2CO3 = Carbonic Acid
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Erythrocyte Life Cycle
- Lasts about 4 months
- 2,000,000 per second
- Globin recycled for protein production
- Heme � minus iron; iron ions
- Iron stored in liver or reused in bone marrow
- Heme broken down
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Anemia
- Don�t have enough red blod cells
- Don�t have enough iron
- Can�t carry as much oxygen
- Iron Deiciency
- Small pale cells
- Tired
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Erythropoietin
- Anemia?Hypoxia?Kidney?Erythropoietin?Bone Marrow?New Red Blood Cells?Normal Red Blood Cell Count
- Low O2 tension at proximal tube?Epo?stimulates stem cells in bone marrow?Red Blood Cells precursor (series of steps)?(-) feedback on Epo?increased O2 carrying capacity
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Blood Doping
- Take out blood so body will make more, blood put back into them
- Went from 45% to 55% blood cells
- Die of heart attack or stroke
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Blood Groups
- A, B, AB, O
- O is the most common
- Black and Asians are most likely type B
- Type A used to be �
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White Blood Cells: Leukocyte
- 5-10 thousand
- Diapedesis
- Travels through blood
- If there is injury, squeeze through lining of blood vessel
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Granulocytes
- Granules in cytoplasm have enzymes to help defend against disease
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
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Neutrophil
- Neutral and don�t stain
- Most common white blood cell type
- Involved with fighting bacterial infections
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Eosinophil
- Stained red
- Active with allergies
- Helps fight parasite infections
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Basophil
- Stained blue
- Least of White Blood Cells
- Releases histamine in allergic reactions
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Monocyte
- Largest of White Blood Cells
- Phagocytosis (macrophage; dendritic cell)
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Lymphocyte
- 30% of Blood cells
- Viral infection
- B Cell; T Cell
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SCID
Gene defect results in: No B cells; No T cells
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Leukemia
- Cancer of white blood cells in blood
- If in tissue, it�s called lymphoma
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Infectious Mononucleosis
- Viral infection of lymphocytes
- Virus in saliva
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Platelet: Thrombocyte
- Not a cell, it is a ell fragment
- Megakaryocytic�
- Make 200,000,000,000
- � million of platelets
- Start clotting process
- Need plasma proteins and Vitamin K
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Blood Clotting
- 5-6 minutes to start clotting
- Tissue releases chemicals then start clotting process
- First inactive then active like a domino effect
- Fibrin: �straws� traps other cells
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Hemophilia
- Don�t have a certain clotting factor
- On X chromosome, from mom
- Men only have 1 X chromosome
- They bleed to death and die
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