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What are trichostrongyles?
hair like worms
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What are the different trichostrongyles?
- Trichostrongylus
- Haemonchus
- Ostertagia
- Cooperia
- Nematodirus
- Dictyocaulus
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Do trichostrongyles have an intermediate host?
no
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What kind of life cycle do trichostrongyles have?
direct life cycle
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Do trichostrongyles migrate?
no
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How do trichostrongyles infect?
ingestion of L3
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What is the PPP of trichostrongyles?
very short 2 - 3 weeks
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Can hypobiosis occur with trichostrongyles?
yes
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What is periparturient rise?
around time of birth
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When does hypobiosis usually occur?
- periparturient rise
- infect pastures around parturition so that the trichstrongyles can infect the baby animals
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What is the most effective treatment for trichostrongyles?
macrolide antiparasitics
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Who is the host for Ostertagia? Where is the infection site?
- cattle, sheep, goat
- adults: lumen, gastric mucosal surface
- larvae: gastric glands
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Who is the host for Trichostrongylus axei? Where is the infection site?
- ruminants, horses, pigs
- abomasum, stomach
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Who is the host for Cooperia? Where is the infection site?
- sheep, goats
- small intestines
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What are Trichostrongylus axei?
hair worms
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What is the pathology for Trichostrongylus axei?
gastritis
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What does Trichostrongylus axei cause if there is a large number of them?
- debilitating watery diarrhea - often dark green
- another name: black scours
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What is Haemonchus contortus?
barberpole worm
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Who is the host for Haemonchus contortus? Where is the infection site?
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What do Haemonchus contortus do? What does this cause?
- sucks blood
- blood loss anemia
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What are the clinical signs of Haemonchus contortus?
- sudden death in lambs
- acute: anemia, edema (bottle jaw), weakness, melena
- chronic: weight loss, lethargy, anemia
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How do we diagnose Haemonchus contortus?
- clinical signs
- strongyle-type egg in feces
- necropsy
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What is the primary cattle parasite worldwide?
Ostertagia
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What is the pathogen for adult Ostertagia?
gastric irritation
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What is the pathogen for Ostertagia larvae?
- watery diarrhea
- anemia
- hypoproteinemia
- emaciation
- neutral pH in abomasum
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If environmental conditions are poor what do Ostertagia do?
undergo hypobiosis in the host
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When conditions improve, what do Ostertagia do?
turn into adults, seed pasture with their eggs
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Do trichostrongyles infect transmammary or transplacental?
no
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Ostertagiasis infect in two different ways. When does type I infect?
when pasture conditions are good
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How does Type I Ostertagia infect?
- infect pastured young cattle during early grazing season
- the worms mature without passing through hypobiosis
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When do Ostertagia Type II infect?
- larvae undergo hypobiosis and wait it out
- late winter in the north
- fall in the south
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What are the clinical signs of Ostertagiasis?
- diarrhea
- anorexia or reduced appetite
- dehydration
- thirst
- weight loss
- submandibular edema (hypoproteinemia, bottle jaw)
- anemia
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How do we diagnose Ostertagiasis?
typical strongyle-type egg
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When should we deworm cattle?
- cows following calving
- cows when calves wean
- young calves, midsummer at weaning
- yearlings in spring or fall
- dairy cows during lactation
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What should we do after we deworm cattle?
rotate pastures
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Who is the host for Nematodirus? What is their infection site?
- sheep, goats, cattle, other ruminants
- small intestines
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What is the pathogen for Nematodirus when there are large numbers of them?
severe debilitating diarrhea
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What is the pathogen of Cooperia?
- diarrhea
- poor weight gain
- anorexia
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Cooperia are usually secondary to which types of infections?
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How do we diagnose Cooperia?
typical strongyle-type egg
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What are Dictyocaulus viviparous?
thin thread-like worms that parasitize ruminant lungs
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What is the life cycle of Dictyocaulus?
- oviparous females (in lungs) lay eggs that are already embryonated
- hatch immediately
- migrate up trachea
- coughed up and swallowed
- pass out in feces
- larvae crawl into fungus
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What are oviparous females?
females that lay eggs
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How does fungus help Dictyocaulus?
when the fungus explode the larvae exlode out with the fungus and all over the pasture
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If Dictyocaulus are ingested, how do they migrate?
- ingested
- goes thru intestinal wall to mesenteric lymph nodes
- lymphatics (lymph gets dumped into blood stream)
- goes to blood
- goes to lungs
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What is the pathogen of Dictyocaulus?
lungs: pulmonary edema, bronchitis, pneumonia
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How do we diagnose Dictyocaulus?
- clinical signs: coughing cattle
- Baermann apparatus: L1's
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What is Dictyocaulus arnfeldi?
lungworm of horses and donkeys
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What is the life cycle of Dictyocaulus arnfeldi?
- life cycle similar except embryonated egg is passed in feces
- hatches
- ingested
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What age do Dictyocaulus arnfeldi infect donkeys? Horses?
- Donkeys: at any age
- Horses: foals and yearlings
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