-
How do sponges feed?
They are suspension feeders; water is dran in through the spongocoel and flows out of the osculum. Food is engulfed by choanocytes through phagocytosis.
-
What type of digestive system do Porifera have?
None
-
What type of digestive system do Cnideria have?
incomplete
-
What type of digestive system do Platyhelminthes have?
incomplete
-
What type of digestive system do Molluscs have?
complete, differentiated
-
What type of digestive system do Annelida have?
complete, differentiated
-
What type of digestive system do Nematoda have?
Complete, undifferentiated
-
What type of digestive system do Arthropoda have?
Complete, differentiated
-
What type of digestive system do Echinodermata have?
complete, differentiated
-
What type of digestive system do Chordata have?
complete, differentiated
-
Which Phylae do no have complete differentiated digestive systems?
- Nematoda
- Platyhelminthes
- Cnidaria
- Mollusca
- Porifera
-
What phylae do not have respiratory systems?
- Porifera
- Cnidaria
- Platyhelminthes
- Nematoda
-
What type of respiratory system do Molluscs have?
Gills, lung
-
What type of respiratory system do Annelida have?
Gills or none.
-
What type of respiratory system do arthropoda have?
Gills, lung, trachea
-
What type of respiratory system do Echinodermata have?
tube feet, gills
-
What type of respiratory system do Chordata have?
gills or lungs
-
Which phylae do not have a circulatory system?
- Porifera
- Cnidaria
- Platyhelminthes
- Nematoda
-
Do Mollusca have an open or closed circulatory system?
Some open, some closed.
-
Do Arthropoda have an open or closed circulatory system?
open
-
Do Annelida have an open or closed circulatory system?
closed.
-
Do Chordates have an open or closed circulatory system?
closed
-
Do Echinodermata have an open or closed circulatory system?
open (and water vascular system)
-
How many chambers does an amphibian heart have?
three
-
How many chambers does a reptillian heart have?
three
-
How many chambers does a mammalian heart have?
four
-
Which is above the other, atrium or ventricle?
atrium
-
How does an open circulatory system work?
Circulatory fluid bathes the organs directly. Contraction of one or more hearts pumps the hemolymph through circulatory vessels into sinuses; spaces surrounding the organs. Body movement helps with circulation
-
Which phylae do not have excretory systems?
-
What type of excretory system do Platyhelminthes have?
diffusion, protonephridia
-
What type of excretory system do Annelida have?
Metanephridia
-
What type of excretory system do Molluscs have?
metanephridia
-
What type of excretory system do nematodes have?
diffusion, glands
-
What type of excretory system do Echinodermata have?
Water vascular system
-
What type of excretory system do Arthropoda have?
malphigian tubules, metanephridia
-
What type of excretory system do Chordates have?
nephridia
-
Which phylae can reproduce asexually?
- Porifera
- Cnidaria
- Echinodermata
-
which phylae reproduce internally?
- Porifera
- Platyhelminthes
- Annelida
- Nematoda
- Arthropoda
- Chordata
-
Which phylae reproduce externally?
- Cnidaria
- Mollusca
- Echinodermata
-
Which phylae are hermaphroditic?
- Porifera
- Cnidaria
- Platyhelminthes
- Annelida
-
Which phylae have seperate sexes?
- Mollusca
- Arthropoda
- Echinodermata
- Nematoda
- Chordates
-
What does the pancreas do?
- Releases insulin which lowers blood sugar levels
- releases Glucagon which raises blood sugar
-
How is the release of insulin regulated?
Antagonistic hormones
-
What does the Thyroid gland do?
Releases thyroxin which increases metabolic rate.
-
How is the Thyroid regulated?
Negative feedback
-
How does negative feedback work?
An accumulation of an end product of a process slows the trigger.
-
What is the pituitary gland?
The "master" endocrine gland; releases many hormones.
-
What to main hormones are released by the pituitary gland?
- growth hormone
- thyroid stimulating hormone
-
What is a neuron?
A nerve cell that transmits signals.
-
What is resting potential?
- Electrochemical potential across neuron plasma membrane:
- negative electric charge
- high concentration of K ions
- Low concentration of Na ions
-
What is action potential?
Sudden release of resting potential
-
What are the steps in the generation of an action potential?
- Na gates open, Na enters (making neuron +). Upon reaching threshhold, K gates open
- As action potential is reached, Na gates close and lock.
- K diffuses out, K gates close
- Na gates unlock (not open)
-
What does the nervous system do?
- Coordinates activites of the body
- Senses the environment
- Responds to the environment
-
What is an axon?
A long extension, or process, that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells.
-
How are action potentials conducted?
The depolarization of the action potential spreads to neighbouring regions of the membrane and reinitiates the action potential.
-
What is the myelin sheath?
Electrical insulation that allows for high speed conduction in small axons.
-
What do Schwann cells do?
Insulate axons between nodes of Ranvier. Causes action potentials to be limited to nodes of Ranvier increasing conduction speed.
-
What type of nervous system do Porifera have?
None
-
What type of nervous system do Cnidaria have?
Nerve net
-
What type of nervous system do Platyhelminthes have?
Net brain, cords
-
What type of nervous system do Mollusca have?
brain, cords, ganglia
-
What type of nervous system do Annelida have?
brain, cords, ganglia
-
What type of nervous system do Nematoda have?
brain, cords
-
What type of nervous system do Arthropoda have?
brain, cords, ganglia
-
What type of nervous system do Echinodermata have?
brain, cords
-
What type of nervous system do Chordates have?
brain, cords, ganglia
-
What part of the human eye forms the cornea?
Sclera
-
What part of the human eye forms the iris?
Choroid
-
What cavity is formed in front of the lens?
Aqueous humor
-
What cavity is formed behind the lens?
Vitreous humor
-
Rods and Cones feed information to what?
bipolar cells
-
bipolar cells feed information to what?
ganglion cells
-
What cells integrate information across the retina?
Horizontal and amacrine cells
-
What do rods do?
Detect light, not colour
-
What do cones do?
detect colour, very little light.
-
What part of the eye enables us to see at night>
rods
-
How many rods approx are in the human retina?
125 million
-
How many cones approx are in the human retina?
6 million
-
Contracted ciliary muscles do what? why?
Make the lens of the eye thicker, for focusing on near objects.
-
How many types of cones are there?
3
-
What is ecology?
The study of how organisms interact with their environment
-
what is a fixed action pattern?
A kind of behaviour that is essentially unchangeable
-
What is proximate causation?
Study of why and how animal behaviour occurs
-
What is ultimate causation?
The evolutionary significance of animal behaviour
-
What is a limiting nutrient?
A nutrient that must be added to increase primary production in an ecosystem - usually nitrogen or phosphorus
-
What are primary producers?
Plants and algae that generate new biomass
-
What is the sole source of carbon in the ecological cycle?
Primary producers (from carbon dioxide.)
-
How is nitrogen introduced to the nitrogen cycle?
Through nitrogen-fixing bacteria that convert N2 to NH3
-
How many ATP molecules are required for nitrogen-fixation?
8 per NH3 (one N2 produced two NH3)
-
How is phosphorus introduced to the phosphorus cycle?
Through soil only; there are no significant phosphorus-containing gases.
-
What is the basic structure of a virus?
Protein shell encapsulating genetic material
-
What is a prion?
A misfolded form of a protein normally present in brain cells.
-
How do prions propagate?
Any normally folded similar protein a prion comes into contact with will assume the same misfolded shape of the prion
-
What is cancer?
Uncontrolled cell division in a multicellular organism
-
How does cancer normally start?
With the mutation of a gene that normally controls cell division.
-
From one pyruvate, how much energy is produced?
-
How many steps are involded in glycolysis?
10, each with its own enzyme.
-
How many steps are involved in the Citric Acid Cycle?
11, each with its own enzyme.
-
What is produced from NADH in oxidative phosphorylation?
3 ATP
-
What is produced from FADH2 in oxidative phosphorylation?
2 ATP
-
What is fermentation?
a metabolic pathway that changes pyruvate. Allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.
-
A low wavelength wave has _____ frequency and _____ energy.
High, high. Photons have enough energy to destroy molecules
-
A high wavelength wave has _____ frequence and _____ energy
low, low. Photons barely affect molecules.
-
What is required to complete the Calvin Cycle?
-
What happens in Photosystem II?
H2O is broken down into O + 2H++2e-. The 2H+ are released into the thylakoid lumen. O combines with another O to form O2
-
What happens in the Cytochrome complex?
The "fall" of electrons to a lower energy level provides energy for the synthesis of ATP
-
What happens in Photosystem I?
NADPH is produced
-
Is ATP produced in photosystem I or II?
Photosystem II
-
What does an operator do?
Controls access of RNA polymerase to the genes.
-
What constitues an operon?
Operator, Promoter and the genes they control.
-
What does the repressor do to an operon?
It binds to the Operator, blocking the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter. Turns the operon off.
-
How does an inducer work in operons?
In certain operons, the repressor is active by itself. An inducer is required to derepress the operon - the inducer inactivates the repressor.
-
When is DNA replicated?
During the S period.
-
What type of cell is this?
-No centrioles
-No lysosomes
-Generally no flagella
-Cell Wall
Plant Cell
-
What can diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer?
- Non-polar molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide, lipids)
- Small polar molecules (Water, ethanol)
-
What is fermentation?
- A metabolic pathway that changes pyruvate.
- Energy is obtained from conversion of NADH to NAD
- Allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen
-
What is glycolysis?
A metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Occurs in the cytosol. Energy released is used to convert ADP to ATP and NAD to NADH
-
What is the output of the citric acid cycle in terms of energy?
-
Where does the Citric Acid Cycle take place?
In the Mitochondria
-
How many ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose?
36
-
What allows transcription to occur?
RNA polymerase
-
What does transfer RNA do?
Carries amino acids to ribosomes
-
In Prophase I what is most evident?
Chromosomes condense and are found in homologous pairs.
-
Define enzyme.
A protein that facilitates a specific chemical reaction.
-
What is DNA made of?
A sugar-phosphate backbone with nucleic acid bases.
-
Define metabolism
All chemical reactions taking place in an organism
-
What is pleiotropy?
When a genotype at a single locus influences more than one trait.
-
What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
- Prokaryotic cells do not have a true nucleus.
- Prokaryotic cells have no cytoskeleton
- Cell division for prokaryotic cells is by binary fission.
-
What are the three steps of transcription?
- Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination
-
What is evident in metaphase I?
Homologous pairs line up
-
When does crossing over occur?
Prophase I
-
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate. Used to power the cell.
-
How does RNA differ from DNA?
- typically single-stranded
- different sugar
- Composed of guanine, adenine, cytosine and URACIL (not thymine)
-
What is transcription?
copying a sequence from DNA onto RNA
-
What happens in Anaphase I?
Whole chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends.
-
What is a seed?
A plant embryo with food in a protective case
-
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
- Generates an H+ gradient.
- Converts ADP to ATP
-
What does mRNA do?
Carries protein blueprint from DNA to ribosomes.
-
What type of cell is this?
-No cell wall
-No plasmodesmata
-No Chloroplasts
-No central vacuole
Animal Cell
-
What are the four classes of macromolecules?
- Lipids
- Carbohydrates
- Nucleic Acids
- Proteins
-
What type of cell is this?
-No centrioles
-No chloroplasts
-Cell wall
-Pores between cells
Fungal
-
What type of cell is this?
-No true nucleues
-Generally no organelles
-Cell wall
Bacterial
-
Meiosis II results in what?
- 4 haploid cells(spermatogenesis)
- 1 haploid ova (oogenesis
-
What is a zygote?
A fertilized egg (diploid)
-
What is linkage?
Relates to crossing over; the closer loci are to each other, the more likely their traits are to be inherited together
-
Monocot or Dicot?
-root xylem in centre
-vascular cambium
-flowerparts in fours/five or multiples
Dicot
-
Monocot or Dicot?
-root vascular cylinder relatively small
-leaf with branched veins
-stem vascular bundles in ring
Dicot
-
Monocot or Dicot?
-root xylem in ring
-stem vascular bundles scattered
-flower parts in threes or multiples
Monocot
-
Monocot or Dicot?
-root vascular cylinder relatively large
-no vascular cambium
-leaf with parallel veins
Monocot
-
What is mycelium?
The body of the fungus, made up of hyphae
-
What is a basidiocarp?
The fruiting body of a club fungus
-
What is a zygosporangium?
A multinucleate structure in zygomycete fungi where meiosis occurs
-
What is homeostasis?
Steady-state condition of the body.
-
What are the four basic animal tissue types?
- Epithelial (surface/covering)
- Connective tissue (cells in a matrix)
- Muscle tissue (contracting)
- Nerve tissue (conducting)
-
What are the three shapes of epithelial tissue?
-
Give three examples of connective tissue
- blood
- cartilage
- bone
- adipose tissue
- fibrous connective tissue (tendons, ligaments)
- loose connective tissue
-
What does adipose tissue do?
Pads and insulates body, stores fuel (as fat)
-
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
-
Which muscle tissue is responsible for voluntary movements?
Skeletal
-
What is the integumentary system?
The outer covering of a mammal's body including hair, skin and nails, claws or hooves
-
What are the three domains?
-
What are the taxa between Domain and Class?
-
What are the taxa between Class and Species?
-
What is directional selection?
When conditions favour individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range.
-
What is disruptive selection?
- When conditions favour individuals with phenotypes at both ends of the phenotypic range.
- ex) birds with medium sized beaks are inefficient at cracking soft and hard seeds.
-
What is stabilizing selection?
- When both extremes of a phenotypic range and infavourable.
- ex) human babies who are light or heavy.
-
What are autotrophs?
- Organisms that obtain carbon from carbon dioxide
- ex) plants
-
What are heterotrophs?
- Organisms that obtain carbon from organic molecules
- ex)humans
-
What are phototrophs?
Organisms that obtain energy from light
-
What are chemotrophs?
Organisms that obtain energy from chemicals
-
What are photoautotrophs?
Organisms that obtain carbon from carbon dioxide and energy from light.
-
What are Chemoautotrophs?
Organisms that obtain carbon from carbon dioxide and energy from chemicals.
-
What are photoheterotrophs?
Organisms that obtain carbon from organic molecules and energy from light
-
What are chemoheterotrophs?
Organisms that obtain carbon from organic molecules and energy from chemicals
-
A sexual organism is one where what fuses to form what?
gametes fuse to form a zygote
-
In an asexual organism there is no fusion of _______?
Gametes
-
What is an organ?
A group of tissues integrated to perform one or more functions in an organism
-
What is a tissue?
A group of similar cells that perform a particular task in an organism
-
What is cytosis?
The engulfing or expulsion of particles through the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane
-
What is dermal tissue? What is it's function?
- The outer surface tissue of plants.
- Protects from injury
- Exchanges materials with the environment
-
A is hypotonic to B. Which has the higher concentration of solute?
B.
-
What are thrombocytes? What do they do?
Platelets. They carry enzymes that cause clotting.
-
What are leukocytes? What do they do?
White blood cells. They attack invaders in the body.
-
What are erythrocytes? What do they do?
Red blood cells. They transport oxygen.
-
What are fungal cell walls made of?
Chitin
-
What are carrier proteins?
Proteins that allow larger molecules to pass across the plasma membrane. They are very specific and work through diffusion.
-
What are the three basic shapes of bacteria?
-
What are the three main kingdoms?
-
What is crenulation?
When a blood cell in a hypertonic environment loses too much water and collapses
-
What can generally pass through the phopholipid bilayer?
- Oxygen
- Carbon Dioxide
- Water
-
What is meristem tissue? What does it do?
Embryonic tissue. Necessary for growth and repair.
-
What is vascular tissue? What does it do?
Composed of Xylem and Phloem. Forms tubules for the transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant body.
-
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
-
What is plasmolysis?
When a plant cell in a hypertonic environment loses too much water and collapses.
-
What is active transport?
The transport across the cell membrane of a substance against the concentration gradient. Used to maintain a different concentration from the surrounding environment. Requires energy (ATP)
-
What is cyclosis?
The cycling of cytoplams in a cell.
-
What is haemolysis?
When a cell in a hypotonic environment gains too much water and bursts.
-
A is hypertonic to B. Which has a higher concentration of solute?
A.
-
What is ground tissue?
- Neither vascular or dermal tissue, necessary for photosynthesis, food storage and mechanical support.
- Pith, Cortex and Mesophyll are all ground tissue.
-
What are channel proteins?
Proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer that allow specific small molecules to pass through diffusion.
-
Define metabolic pathway:
A particular sequence of connected reactions
-
How does translation work?
Ribosomes form around tRNA "translating" the nucleotide sequence into an amino acid sequence know as a polypeptide. Occurs in the cytoplasm.
-
What is nondisjunction?
When cell division during meiosis results in uneven numbers of chromosomes are pulled to each end of the dividing cell.
|
|
